tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20510119357506330342024-03-13T13:58:44.541-07:0010 steps in writing the research paperThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.comBlogger131125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-25955080799681266392020-08-27T11:49:00.001-07:002020-08-27T11:49:17.041-07:00Best Babe Didrikson Zaharias QuotesBest Babe Didrikson Zaharias Quotes Darling Didrikson Zaharias was an exceptional competitor from her initial years. She exceeded expectations in ball, olympic style events, and golf. In olympic style events, she won decorations or built up world records in five unique occasions. In the wake of winning two gold and one silver award in the 1932 Olympics at Los Angeles, she played ball, showed up at significant alliance baseball presentation games, lastly changed to golf. She wedded George Zaharias in 1938, and kicked the bucket of malignancy in 1956. A most loved with the press, she frequently didn't coexist well with different competitors, who disdained her forcefulness and self-advancement. It has been contended that Babe Didrikson Zaharias was the best lady competitor ever. Citations by Babe Didrikson Zaharias An amazing entirety I have consistently had the inclination to show improvement over any other individual. You cannot win them everything except you can attempt. I am out to beat everyone in sight, and that is exactly what Im going to do. You need to carry on honestly of golf similarly as you need to live by the principles of life. Theres no other way. Study the principles with the goal that you wont beat yourself by not knowing something. Before I was in my youngsters, I knew precisely what I needed to be: I needed to be the best competitor who at any point lived. Karma? Sure. In any case, simply after long practice and just with the capacity to think under tension. The equation for progress is basic: practice and focus then more practice and more fixation. The more you practice, the better. Yet, regardless, practice more than you play. Practice, which some view as a task, ought to be drawn closer as pretty much the most lovely entertainment at any point concocted, other than being an essential piece of golf. Its insufficient just to swing at the ball. Youve got the chance to relax your support and let er fly. Golf is a round of coordination, beat and beauty; ladies have these to a serious extent. Great golf is simpler to play and undeniably more lovely than terrible golf. I played with young men as opposed to young ladies. I favored baseball, football, foot-dashing and bouncing with the young men, to jump scotch and jacks and dolls, which were about the main things young ladies did. Get toughened up by playing young men games, however dont get intense. Winning has consistently implied a lot to me, however making companions has implied the most. You know when theres a star, as in the entertainment biz, the star has her name in lights on the marquee! Isn't that so? Furthermore, the star gets the cash on the grounds that the individuals come to see the star, isn't that so? All things considered, Im the star, and every one of you are in the ensemble. For whatever length of time that Im improving, I will go on, furthermore, theres a lot of cash in the business to stop. The Babe is here. Whos coming in second? Statements About Babe Didrikson Zaharias On her gravestone:à Babe Didrikson Zaharias, 1911-1956, Worlds Greatest Woman Athlete Grantland Rice (Sportswriter) She is past all conviction until you at last observe her perform. At that point you at last comprehend that you are taking a gander at the most faultless area of muscle amicability, of complete mental and physical coordination, the universe of game has ever observed. Paul Gallico (in Sports Illustrated) It might be another 50 or 75 years before such an entertainer as Mildred Didrikson Zaharias again enters the rundowns. For regardless of whether some yet unborn games sovereign matches her ability, flexibility, expertise, tolerance and will to rehearse, alongside her flaring serious soul, ... there still remains the little matter of fortitude and character, and in these offices the Babe must be recorded with the victors all things considered. Betty Dodd (Golfer and Companion of Babe Didrikson Zaharias) I had such deference for this spectacular individual. I never needed to be away from her in any event, when she was kicking the bucket of malignant growth. I cherished her. I wouldve done anything for her. Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-13851582297159460782020-08-22T11:47:00.001-07:002020-08-22T11:47:29.020-07:00Urban PollutionAdolescent Delinquency                                    Jeremy C. Newell Dynamic Learning Activity                           Video in Class = 20 pts. Wednesday, March 6, 2002 The video facilitated by Bill Moyer that we watched in class on March fourth included brutality in the broad communications and the impacts that it might have on youngsters in current society. Computer games here and there show realistic savagery just as vicious verbal messages that regularly pass on a message of allure to kids. Motion pictures frequently join diversion, brutality, or potentially sex so as to be all the more speaking to the crowd. Normally at least two of these components are utilized. Regardless of whether it is through these sources or as something as basic as the nightly news, brutality is wherever in the media today and showcases messages of endorsement that American culture may not understand. Social learning hypothesis discloses to us that through relationship with or presentation to other people, misconduct is found out similarly as congruity is found out. A large number of the motion pictures and TV programs that are seen today contain a considerable measure of viciousness in them, regardless of whether it is an animation or a R-evaluated film. In either circumstance, kids copy what they see on the TV or in the Movie Theater. Similarly as kids gain proficiency with the distinction among good and bad through disciplines and rewards, kids likewise get familiar with a hidden topic of good and insidiousness. In this subject, certain demonstrations of savagery are worthy in the event that they are for the ââ¬Å"good guys.â⬠The group in the performance center watching a film may cheer or yell messages of endorsement when the ââ¬Å"good guysâ⬠explode the "bad guys". As an outcome, youngsters leave the Movie Theater pointing their fingers like we apons and shooting their companions, guardians, as well as kin. They discover that the conduct is adequate and they emulate it. In addition to the fact that this is adverse to their affectability to savagery, it additionally instructs them that there are special cases to the principles of society and that congruity isn't generally the most effortless approach to take care of an issue. Living in American culture, the least demanding and quickest approach to take care of an issue doesnââ¬â¢t consistently imply that the arrangement is ethically right or that everybody will affirm of the techniques one takes to achieve it. I might likewise want to address the degrees of bid that Moyer calls attention to in the film. Inside every sort of scene, rough acts are regularly joined by sex or funniness. Not exclusively would this be able to be accustomed to carry a more elevated level of acknowledgment to the watcher, however it additionally brings a degree of delight or bid to the scene. Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-43770331429801824722020-08-21T09:29:00.001-07:002020-08-21T09:29:16.190-07:00College Application Essay Examples - Information About Writing the EssayCollege Application Essay Examples - Information About Writing the EssayBiology and college application essays are no different than science subjects, and essay writing is also no different from any other scientific topic. It is a great way to show your subject knowledge, and in fact the more knowledge you have about the topic, the more information you need to include. Let's look at some of the key areas that need attention in the writing of a college application essay.Before you begin you will need to decide exactly what you want to write about. You may choose to cover only one of the topics below, or if you know a little about both you may want to use both. Please don't forget the focus of your essay must be on the person that you are applying to.When it comes to biology, the subject matter is important to include. The author needs to know as much as possible about the topic before writing the essay. Biologists need to give enough information for their essay. They should provide in formation about the field of study, whether or not they will be getting a graduate degree, the reason for selecting this particular college, and what it is that they hope to gain from the college.Biology isn't a subject that is well covered in school, and it is very difficult to learn a lot about a specific area of science if you do not take a class. The best way to get a head start is to take a biology class. Getting the required information can help you when you are writing your essay. You will need to use a biology book or get your hands on a biology textbook to help you out in this area.If you have chosen a particular area of science for your biology study you will need to include some information about the specialty you have chosen in your college application essay. Some specialists may be listed in a certain area and may need to be covered. They may include things like: where you were trained, how long you've been in your specialty, and what it is that attracted you to the spe cialization.In addition to the specialty you choose, you need to discuss the problem you have been presented with when studying biology. You may be dealing with a problem that is more general to the field, or you may be dealing with a problem that is specific to a field you studied. As a writer you should discuss each of these areas when writing the essay.The introduction is the first part of a college application essay, and needs to have a good introductory statement. You should mention the major points of your biography, including any special talents or skills that you have that relate to your background. You should also list your most recent accomplishments, any awards or distinctions, and your academic record in biology. Then you will need to list your major area of concentration and give examples to support your statements.The last part of the college application essay is the conclusion. You will need to include information about yourself, and about your future goals, including where you would like to go to college. The objective of your essay should be to add to your academic resume and give you a chance to introduce yourself and offer some insight into the kind of student you will be. Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-24122782349687335312020-05-25T17:32:00.001-07:002020-05-25T17:32:03.733-07:00Career Interest - 1882 Words Career Interest Eric Franklin Gen 300 skills to for professional growth Curt Crandall February 20, 2006 Deciding on a career has been a challenge. My first career interest was to be a physical therapist. As a child I would look at my mother-nursing textbook was intrigued by the muscular and skeletal systems The most intriguing part was how muscles, tendons, and ligaments all work to attach themselves to our skeletal system to create motion. My second career interesteas in mass communications. After only one semester I realized that I had no real desire to pursue a career in this field. The around the same time I was offered a promotion as the evening manager at my part-time job. I quickly change my major to business administration Inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Around that same time, I worked at the Holiday Inn Riverport part-time as a front desk clerk. Most of my hours where on that Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. I was offered a job as that night manager. This required me to start working on a fulltime basis. It also sparked my interest in becoming a General Manager of a hotel. I cha nged my major to business administration. At this point, I thought that everything was set.. My expirence as the night manger was horrific. The lack of communication with the management team was extreamly poor. When I arrived to work at 2:30p, an hour before my shift, the front office manager was already gone for the day. There was a stretch where we went a month without communicating. The front desk was total out of sinc. Important information like lists for large groups or VIP guests were never passed on to me at night. I would arrive at work and as soon as I get there Im looking at checking in group with 80 rooms that were not pre-checked in. Nor did I have any information that they were coming so that i could prepare. Every day there was new drama and mostly because our communication was non exitant. The owners of the Holiday Inn purchased another local hotel and offered me that job as the front office manager. This time I turned down the opportunity due my unpleasant experien ce as the evening manager. I still was interested in a career in management just not in thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Career Interest: Deciding on a Career1859 Words à |à 8 PagesCareer Interest Deciding on a career has been a challenge. My first career interest was to be a physical therapist. As a child I would look at my mother-nursing textbook was intrigued by the muscular and skeletal systems The most intriguing part was how muscles, tendons, and ligaments all work to attach themselves to our skeletal system to create motion. My second career interesteas in mass communications. After only one semester I realized that I had no real desire to pursue a career in this fieldRead MoreCareer Interest : Child Advocacy Essay1629 Words à |à 7 PagesCareer Interest: Child Advocacy Career The area that I am interested in serving in is the Child Advocacy area. I have a heart for children and if I can do more for children in need that is something that I want to devote my time to. 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I greet, screen, and announceRead MoreHow Did The Case Study Person Implement Any Plan?1605 Words à |à 7 Pageshe understood his skills, interests, etc. before choosing his career. ïÆ' ¼ Secondly, he concentrated on his goal and took coaching how to achieve it, collected knowledge about that particular goal and learned about all the related information. He did voluntarily jobs to learn cooking as in professional way. ïÆ' ¼ After learning each and every corner of his cooking he was full of confident and chooses it as a successful career plan and also implement on it. (3.1)Ask your career case study person about theRead MorePersonal Career Development : Career Goals1531 Words à |à 7 PagesAn individualââ¬â¢s career choice is often influenced by a myriad of different motivations and impulses. Prior to this course, I was quite ignorant of the magnitude these characteristics and traits hold over our professional lives. Career development is very much a division or subset of an individualââ¬â¢s personal development. These two aspects of development seem to be inextricably connected, thus attempting to isolate either measure would seem to create a discord in an individual s job or life satisfaction Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-80236941718335705842020-05-14T23:49:00.001-07:002020-05-14T23:49:03.215-07:00The Consequences of Drinking And Driving Essay - 1309 Words Driving under the influence has affected many peoples lives and families. Today I would like to talk to you about the problems of drinking and driving, and why it is a concern for all of us. Driving under the influence is one of the most common and dangerous situations you can put yourself or someone else in. The fact is that drinking and driving is a huge deal and can leave a long trail of broken dreams and hearts. If you drink and drive, not only are you putting yourself at risk, but your passengers and the pedestrians outside of your vehicle. According to the most recent statistics by the National Commission Against Drunk Driving states that 17,000 Americans die each year in alcohol- related traffic crashes and 600,000 Americansâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦After drinking people usually feel pleasure and become talkative at first. These feelings are usually replaced by drowsiness as the alcohol is eliminated from the body, and the drinker may then become withdrawn. This pa ttern often encourages people to drink more to keep the buzz going. ( Net Biz Mentor ). When people get like that they usually get a little bolder and want to do normal tasks and routines like driving a motorized vehicle. The effects of alcohol result in poor coordination, slurred speech, double vision, decrease of self-control, lost of consciousness and maybe even death. The legal consequences of drunk driving are also severe. The more a person drinks, the more their ability to make important decisions wear down and becomes impaired. After even just one drink a person can lose the ability to operate a vehicle. At certain parts in the state of intoxication, it becomes illegal to drive a car and if you get caught it can possible lead to fines, or even imprisonment. The legal limit of alcohol you can consume changes from state to state, but the penalty of driving under the influence is always severe. Getting arrested and maybe being forced to sleep in a drunk tank is just som e of the problems you also have to carry the humiliation and the shame of being caught and that person might just end up with their name written up in the local news paper. Alcoholism is a disease and it can makeShow MoreRelatedConsequences Of Drinking And Driving1280 Words à |à 6 PagesConsequences of Drinking and Driving Alcohol consumption is considered to be a part of culture in many countries and the United States is no exception to this ideological thinking. However, drinking responsibly and understanding the impairments alcohol has on the body is a key component to being safe and within the regulations and laws established by the states. With this being said, many people still find themselves behind the wheel of a vehicle after consuming too much alcohol and are quicklyRead More The Consequences of Drinking and Driving Essay531 Words à |à 3 PagesThe facts are plain and simple, that alcohol and driving do not mix. About three in every ten Americans will be involved in an alcohol related crash at some time in their lives. Every single injury and death caused by drunk driving is totally preventable. To curb this national travesty, concerned Americans need to examine the problems, the effects, and the solutions to drunk driving. First of all, America has had a problem with drunk driving since F ord perfected the assembly line. Alcoholism is aRead MoreThe Dangers Of Driving Under The Influence Of Alcohol And Drugs Along With Texting While Driving861 Words à |à 4 PagesL. (2016). Texting, drugs, and driving: A triple threat to driving safety? Journal of Ergonomics, 6 (2), 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2165-7556.1000154 This journal explains the dangers of driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs along with texting while driving. This journal is useful in identifying the risks associated with intoxicated driving. It can also help in determining the effects of alcohol exposure in contrast to drugs and texting while driving to see if there are any performanceRead More Drinking and Driving Essay1111 Words à |à 5 PagesDrinking and Driving Should Blood Alcohol Percentages for Drunken Driving Be Lowered? Driving a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol is one of the most dangerous things you can do. Alcohol causes varying degrees of the following side effects in everyone who uses it; dullness of sensation, lowered sensory motor skills, lowered reactive or reflexive motor responses, impaired thought processes, impaired memory, impaired judgement, sleep or sleeplessness, and in extreme Read MoreThe Consequences of Drunk Driving800 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Consequences of Drunk Driving ââ¬Å"A friend who dies, itââ¬â¢s something of you who dies,â⬠Gustave Flaubert. When someone dies from drunk driving this is something you may be feeling. The consequences of drunk driving are far too high to even think of driving while under the influence. Every year thousands die from drunk driving or are caught drunk driving, and face consequences such as fines and a loss of license. But, itââ¬â¢s easy to avoid or prevent drunk driving by ordering a taxi or setting a designatedRead MoreDrunk Driving Vs Texting And Driving789 Words à |à 4 Pagesdistracted driving not only affects you, but also those around you. Distracted driving has been a serious concern for many years. This subject has been an issue because of the dangers it brings to the safety of others. One major type of distracted driving includes texting and driving. which is becoming more popular in todayââ¬â¢s society because many have cell phones. Another type of distracted driving is drinking and dri ving, this continues to stay a topic for many years. Although drinking and driving andRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of Drinking Alcohol1709 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe consumption of alcohol but it can be said that drinking alcohol has both positive and negative effects. Controversy may arise between opposing sides that those below the age of twenty-one are not responsible enough to drink however are allowed a driving license or a driverââ¬â¢s permit. In the United States of America, society and lawmakers focus more on the negative impacts of alcohol consumption especially when it comes to who we allow drinking, and do not consider that teenagers are able to thinkRead MorePenalties for Driving Under the Influence Essay726 Words à |à 3 Pagespaid the full consequence of their wrongdoing, the number of people killed by drunk drivers would decrease. Some argue that if the government strengthened DUI laws, it would have an economically negative effect on a cityââ¬â¢s soc ial drinking aspect; however, DUI laws would have a direct effect on repeated offenders and drinkers who disregard the law. Some people argue that if stricter DUI laws existed, it will only have a negative financial effect on cities instead of stopping drunk driving. In the articleRead Moretexting and driving1187 Words à |à 5 Pagesï » ¿ Is Texting and Driving as bad as Drinking and Driving? Amber King Zane State College There are many dangers when both drinking while driving and texting while driving. In this essay the two will be compared and contrasted to find why people do them even with the dangerous consequences. Drivers think they can text while driving and also drink while driving because they think they can get away with it because nothing has affected them in the past whileRead MoreTeen Drinking And Driving921 Words à |à 4 Pages*date* Teen drinking and driving Drinking and driving is one of the biggest social issues for teens across the United States. Getting behind the wheel of a vehicle after consuming alcohol is a very dangerous thing no matter what age you are. However, teens do not think about the consequences of drinking and driving until it is already too late. Many things contribute to this growing problem of teen drinking and driving. First, there is a lack of education about drinking and driving in schools today Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-64927890791067871832020-05-06T15:52:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:52:27.506-07:00An Awareness Of Life Of A Person With A Physical Disability Introduction The wheelchair assignment was meant for students to develop an awareness of the life of a person with a physical disability. Different barriers that I became more aware of during this excessive include physical and attitudinal. To complete this experience one had to sit in a wheelchair for at least two hours within a public setting. It was preferred that students left Convocation because numerous students, faculty, and staff within the building knew about this assignment. If a student stayed within Convocation then it is likely that they would not experience a wide variety of social reactions or barriers around the rest of the campus. Social Reactions Before the simulation began, I asked a friend if they would be my buddy inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦I had heard stories of a past student that was had ROTC student saluted them. I have also talked to students that never left the convocation center because they felt awkward in the wheelchair. I was nervous that people would ask how I ended up in a wheelchair and then not understand the purpose of the simulation. Once the simulation began, it was a little awkward at first due to trying to learn how to make turns. After learning how to control the wheelchair, it was weird to see how people attitudes seemed automatically different compared to when I was walking around earlier that day. About halfway through I began to get restless and was tempted once or twice to break character and stretch, but I decided against it. Later on, I was getting agitated with people avoiding my eye contact and all of the glances back. I wanted to scream that it was just a wheelchair. G etting food within in the lower dining hall of Central was also a struggle because I couldnââ¬â¢t reach numerous of the food options which was frustrating. I did appreciate how the people working in the dining room didnââ¬â¢t complete task differently because I was in a wheelchair. During this assignment, there wasnââ¬â¢t much that I felt that I couldnââ¬â¢t accomplish if I really wanted it, but at one point I started to realize how different life would be if I couldnââ¬â¢t walk. After the simulation, I was thrilled to get out of the wheelchair and stretch my legs out. At first, it felt strange toShow MoreRelatedThe Rate Of Discrimination At Work Place With People With Disabilities Essay1673 Words à |à 7 Pagesmain purpose to write the Research Paper is to review or examined the rate of disability Discrimination including the case studies or societal reaction to the disability discrimination. This Research review the rate of discrimination at work place with people having disabilities. The paper mainly focus on the examination on the rate of Employment disability discrimination. Although It been 20 years Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA) 1990 was passed which protect the civil right of disable peopleRead Morenvq level 2 unit 422-2541748 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿Understand Physical Disability Outcome 1 1. Explain why it is important to recognise and value an individual as a person A. It is important to recognise an individual as a person as it is their human right to be seen as such. If an individual is not seen as a person it devalues them and isolates them from everyday society making them feel ââ¬Å"differentâ⬠. 2. Describe the importance of recognising an individualââ¬â¢s strengths and abilities A. Recognising a personââ¬â¢s strengths and abilitiesRead MoreAttitudes Towards Disabled People Are Not Exactly Ideal.1521 Words à |à 7 Pagesway society treats disabled people needs to change. As a disabled person I feel that, I have to deal with rude comments and actions from society all the time when I shouldnââ¬â¢t have to and it makes me feel like Iââ¬â¢m not important like I am dirt. Some people might argue that society has changed so much that disability awareness is no longer a big issue. I understand that society has become more accepting overtime but disability awareness is still a big issue. In this paper I plan to discuss how disabledRead MoreA Brief Note On The Persons With Disabilities Essay1049 Words à |à 5 PagesPersons with disabilities are believed and seen to be vulnerable people, poor and face exclusion (DFID,2000). Mobility constraints or inaccessible transport can make it difficult especially for the persons with disabilities (PWDs) to find emplo yment, to gain education and access to various services as well as limit their social interactions. Persons with disabilities make up a huge portion of the poor population in less developed countries and to achieve the goal of poverty reduction, the challengesRead MoreSex And Disability : An Open Minded Perspective From Individuals1313 Words à |à 6 PagesRarely, do we find in society, the overlapping topic of sex and disability being discussed. In fact, it is hardly ever addressed because there is an underlying notion which seems to discourage such an open minded perspective from individuals. In fact, the topic of sexual intercourse itself is seemingly discouraged. However, why is that the case? 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A physical deformity should never define the outlook of an individualââ¬â¢s life. Jim MacLaren, a man who became disabled at the age of twenty-two, learned to live with his disability. Emmanuel Ofosu Yeboah was born disabled and became successful. Jim MacLaren and Emmanuel Yeboah won many awards and inspired change for disabled people. The two men have different disabilities, but they both have madeRead MoreThe Implementation of Facilities Managemen t for Disable People at Universiti Teknologi Mara in Malaysia909 Words à |à 4 PagesTHE IMPLEMENTATION OF FACILITIES MANAGEMENT FOR DISABLE PERSON IN UITM 1.0 INTRODUCTION Disable persons are special individuals who are considered missing a functional ability compared with a normal society. The movement of people with disabilities is limited and hard to do things without help and proper facilities. The term refers also to the individual such as mental health problems, physical weakness, sensory, cognitive, and intellectual. Individuals with this weakness usually occurs fromRead MoreThe Americans With Disabilities Act1277 Words à |à 6 Pageshaving a disability was seen as a physical imperfection. People with disabilities were treated as moral and social subordinates. We were trained that if a person had a disability they were not able to perform a task with the same ability as a normal person. They have been denied jobs for which they are highly qualified because they have been considered incompetent, or because employers were not comfortable with their presence in the workplace. Occasionally people with certain disabilities have beenRead MoreCerebra l Palsy And Its Effects On Society1274 Words à |à 6 Pagesof conditions in which a person has an impairment of their motor function. Though motor skills are essential in living a normal lifestyle, living with CP is completely manageable in todayââ¬â¢s modern world. Currently, there is no definite cure to offset the symptoms of CP, but there are a number of treatments that can mitigate the various effects of the condition. In this paper, I would like to discuss the effects of cerebral palsy, the treatments involved, quality of life for those who are affected Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-39995187769798515112020-05-05T18:11:00.001-07:002020-05-05T18:11:04.845-07:00Macroeconomics Principles - Problems - and Policies Question: Discuss about the Macroeconomics for Principles, Problems, and Policies. Answer: Introduction: For an economy to achieve its maximum output, it is imperative that the nation must use the various resources available in the most efficient manner. One of the critical input factors which impact the output is the amount of labour that is employed. For achieving the potential output, it is desirable that the natural rate of employment must be attained. However, the employment generated is impacted by the level of wages. The economic conditions tend to vary but the prices and wages do not adjust to these economic conditions in the short run. This is referred to as price or wage stickiness and tends to avoid the adjustment required for attaining stable equilibrium (Mankiw, 2012). This leads to a situation where there is either surplus or shortage of labour which prevents the employment to reach the natural level for the economy. The net result is that the economy is not able to reach its maximum potential level (Dombusch, Fischer Startz, 2012). For natural employment level to be achieved, it is essential that adjustment in real wages takes place to ensure that the demand and supply of labour remained balanced. A critical role in the achievement of the stable equilibrium is played by the Long Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS). It tends to denote the relationship between price and output level in the long run. It is imperative to differentiate between the long run and short run as in the long run, the price and wages are assumed to be flexible. This is in sharp contrast with the situation in the short run where stickiness is observed which inhibits adjustment as explained above (Koutsoyiannis, 2013). In order to understand the concept of LRAS, the following figures are helpful. The panel (a) tends to indicate the real wage we at which the natural employment could be achieved. It is noteworthy that to achieve this level Le, there could be a host of nominal wage and price combination possible. However, in LRAS, the maximum potential Yp could be achieved at any particular price as apparent from panel (b). Typically for higher price levels, a corresponding higher nominal wage would be required so that the real wage remains at we, but this can be achieved in the long run. This is because the nominal wages are flexible in the long run unlike in the short run. Hence the shape of the LRAS is vertical unlike SRAS which tends to be sloping (Krugman Wells, 2012). Also, in the long run, through changes in price level, the economy can achieve the equilibrium output level to various alterations in the aggregate demand. For instance, if the aggregate demand would increase, the price level would increase as the AD curve shifts to the right but the output retains the same level. Similarly, a decrease in the aggregate demand would respond by lowering of the price level since the AD curve would shift to the left. However, the output would still be retained (Mankiw, 2012). The short run curves depicting AD and SRAS tend to drive the equilibrium in the short run. The relevant diagram to understand the phenomenon of stable economic equilibrium is shown below (Koutsoyiannis, 2013). It is apparent that the LRAS indicates the maximum potential output or GDP at $ 12,000 billion. Consider the initial situation where the aggregate demand curve is denoted by AD1. The equilibrium point is where the AD and SRAS tend to intersect each other. Coincidently at this point the LRAS is also intersected and the output is $ 12,000 billion. However, now consider that there is an increase in the aggregate demand which may be caused due to higher trade surplus or lower trade deficit (Dombusch, Fischer Startz, 2012). This is graphically represented by a rightward shift in the AD curve as indicated above. The new demand curve is AD2. Correspondingly, there is a temporary increase in the output to $ 12,100 billion and also the price level. But it is noteworthy that this output level is not stable and thus would not stay in the long run. The main reason for the same is the shortage of labour since the level of employment would be above the natural rate of employment. However, due to price stickiness, price could not adjust and hence there would be a temporary mismatch which could have been avoided if the price increased to $ 1.18. However, the actual price has increased only to $ 1.16 which causes a shortage of labour. As a result of thus, in the long run there would be a tendency to move towards point B from point A as the price becomes more flexible (McConnell, Brue Flynn, 2014). Now assume that from the base case denoted by AD1, there is a reduction in aggregate demand which would lead to by a leftward shift in the AD curve as indicated above. The new demand curve is AD3. Correspondingly, there is a temporary decrease in the output to $ 11,900 billion and also the price level. But it is noteworthy that this output level is not stable and thus would not stay in the long run. The main reason for the same is the excess of labour since the level of employment would be below the natural rate of employment (Mankiw, 2012). However, due to price stickiness, price could not adjust and hence there would be a temporary mismatch which could have been avoided if the price decreased to $ 1.10. However, the actual price has reduced only to $ 1.12 which causes a surplus of labour. As a result of thus, in the long run there would be a tendency to move towards point B from point C as the price becomes more flexible (Krugman Wells, 2012). Thus, from the above discussion, it is apparent that stable economic equilibrium can only be achieved at point A or where the aggregate demand curve, SRAS and LRAS tend to intersect each. Any other economic equilibrium is essentially shortlived and in the long run eventually the optimal economic equilibrium would be achieved as the wages and price become flexible. References Dombusch, R., Fischer, S. Startz, R. (2012).Macroeconomics, New York, NY: McGraw Hill Publications Koutsoyiannis, A. (2013). Modern Macroeconomics, New York, NY: Palgrave McMillan Krugman, P. Wells, R. (2012), Macroeconomics, London, LDN: Worth Publishers Mankiw, G. (2012), Principles of Macroeconomics, London, LDN: Cengage Learning McConnell, C., Brue, S. Flynn, S. (2014), Macroeconomics: Principles, Problems, Policies, New York, NY: McGraw Hill/Irwin Publications Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-10701868318549158182020-04-11T15:31:00.001-07:002020-04-11T15:31:03.125-07:00Retirement communities Retirement communities vary a great deal in the kind of housing and services available, but the essential element of them all is that this is primarily independent living with recreational facilities, health services and social programs made a part of the community (Ferrell Coyle, 2010 ). So how do you pay for retirement community? This is a question which lingers among the mind so f many people. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Retirement communities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Essentially, many early retirement communities were constructed by religious groups or fraternal organizations that especially required new residents to turn over their entity operating the retirement community in return for lifetime care and services. There are several types of facilities which take care of the elderly. However, in this paper we are going to be looking at two types of these facilities, that is, the continuing care retirement communities and the skilled nursing facilities. Continuing care retirement communities is a term that also represents a broad spectrum of alternative housing arrangements. They formerly were referred to as Life Care communities(Weisman, 2003). A common thread among Continuing Care Retirement Communities is the providing of housing, meals, nursing home and other health related services. Some of the advantages of the Continuing Care treatment include having an option whereby the life care represents an alternative to institutionalization for older people who can no longer maintain their own homes for both health and financial reasons, but who do not want or need the extensive care provided in a nursing home (Morrison, Bennett, Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (New York, Health, 1986). Unlike nursing homes and other retirement communities, CCRCs give their aging residents the assurance they can live independently as long as possible and they can receiving nursing ca re and support services as long as needed. Another advantage is that the CCRCs are that the quality of care may be better than in any other types of long term care facilities. They also tend to use health care resources less than the residents of comparable faculties. These favorable health status factors may be attributed to the availability of prepaid health care and other community services; they may also be influenced by the self ââ¬â selection process, which reflects the better health and higher income of those who are choosing CCRCs (Morrison, Bennett, Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (New York, Health, 1986). Skilled nursing services or skilled rehabilitation services are services which are provided on an in-stay program for the elderly in the society. They involve working with qualified and skilled personnel in the medical field. Advantages of Skilled Nursing facilities are based on the fact that the inpatient unit has some advantages and some disadvantages. Adva ntages include: patients requiring palliative care have familiar place to go during the exacerbations and remissions that come with progressive disease(Ferrell Coyle, 2010 ). Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unit staff and policies are under the control and financing of experts trained as a team who are skillful at difficult care and communications. Patients may get palliative care earlier if other care teams see the advantages of this approach and trust that patients will receive good care. Some of the disadvantages include the fact that it can prevent others from learning valuable palliative care techniques if the center staffs are seen as ââ¬Å"specializedâ⬠and are secluded in one area. If the center transfers include a transfer of doctors to a center specialist, patients and families feel abandoned by their primary team in the final hours and lastly, hospice pro viders fear loss of the hospice philosophy when the center exists in the context of the general hospital (Ferrell Coyle, 2010 ). References Ferrell, B. R., Coyle, N. (2010 ). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Morrison, I. A., Bennett, R., Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (New York, N., Health, N. Y. (1986). Continuing care retirement communities: political, social, and financial issues. New York: Routledge. Weisman, S. (2003). A guide to elder planning: everything you need to know to protect yourself legally financially. New Jersey: FT Press. This essay on Retirement communities was written and submitted by user Amer1canEagle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-32438568723600991602020-03-10T08:54:00.001-07:002020-03-10T08:54:03.391-07:00Mechanics of Grading Grading SystemsMechanics of Grading Grading Systems Free Online Research Papers The subject of grading is rarely discussed among faculty members, except perhaps for the occasional debate about grade inflation. But many teachers privately confess that grading is one of the most difficult and least understood elements of their job. Often, professors have little confidence that their grading systems accurately discriminate between different levels of achievement and they differ widely on the components that should constitute a final grade. As a result, grading standards and criteria are so idiosyncratic that an ââ¬Å"Aâ⬠from one teacher may be the equivalent of a ââ¬Å"Câ⬠from another. Part of the problem with grading arises from the fallibility of the tests and assignments used to measure student performance. The three previous FYCââ¬â¢s focused on ways to improve assessment techniques; in this article, we will survey several different methods for calculating final grades and point out their strengths and weaknesses. Grading and Feedback First, it helps to make a distinction between grading and other forms of feedback. A grade is a ââ¬Å"certification of competenceâ⬠that should reflect, as accurately as possible, a studentââ¬â¢s performance in a course. If this goal is achieved, then grades will have the same value from semester to semester and from year to year. Trouble arises when we include grading components that are difficult to measure accurately (such as effort or participation) because these elements reduce the strength of the relationship between grades and academic achievement. Furthermore, when we use grades for reward or punishment, give extra credit for additional work, or grade on attendance, we contaminate the meaning of grades and reinforce the studentsââ¬â¢ belief that a course grade has less to do with academic performance than with fulfillment of arbitrary requirements. Of course, we must give students feedback in many of these areas of behavior, but using the grading system to convey this assessment is inappropriate. Moreover, we often complain that students are excessively grade-oriented, but by attaching a grade value to every aspect of student performance we actually reinforce our studentsââ¬â¢ preoccupation with grades. Teachers should avoid using grades as incentives for performance and seek out non-graded methods for motivating students. For example, verbal ââ¬Å"rewardsâ⬠in class, individual conferences, and written critiques can provide positive and negative feedback without contaminating the grading system. Elements of a Grading System A good grading system must meet three criteria: (1) it should accurately reflect differences in student performance, (2) it should be clear to students so they can chart their own progress, and (3) it should be fair. Performance can be defined either in relative or absolute terms (comparing students with each other or measuring their achievement against a set scale), and each system has its defenders. But whichever grading scheme you use, students should be able to calculate (at least roughly) how they are doing in the course at any point in the semester. Some relative grading schemes make it impossible for students to estimate their final grades because the cutoff points in the final distribution are not determined until the end of the course. A complete description of the grading system should appear in the course syllabus, including the amount of credit for each assignment, how the final grades will be calculated, and the grade equivalents for the final scores. Also, students should perceive the grading system as fair and equitable, rewarding them proportionately for their achievements. From the standpoint of measurement, many different kinds of assignments, spread over the entire semester provide a fairer estimate of student learning than one or two large tests or papers. Research Papers on The Mechanics of Grading Bionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeDefinition of Export QuotasNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceWhere Wild and West Meet Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-59232911160587191932020-02-22T23:20:00.001-08:002020-02-22T23:20:03.156-08:00Difficulties of Having a Foreign Professor AssignmentDifficulties of Having a Foreign Professor - Assignment Example When English is taught, it should be a must that the instructors are not comprised of individuals who are not from the English domains. What this would mean is the fact that non-native English speakers must not have the right to teach English because it is not their language and if they get within such domains, there would be immense grammatical errors and mistakes which will come to the fore (Wilson, 1971). What this implies is the rationale that the non-native English speakers will make mistakes which they would not even know about; hence it is understandable that they should be kept at a safe distance from the realms of teaching the English language. One is usually against the dictum of hiring non-native English speakers as the instructors who instill within the students the English language because they themselves are not at par with the understanding and comprehension levels, and hence it is a very common thing that could be taken for granted under such realms. The stance is aga inst hiring the non-native English speakers as the instructors teaching the English language because they will get it all wrong and therefore teach the students what they must not learn in the first place (Viete, 2011). There is a dire need to understand that the non-native English speakers are always looking at shortcuts for their own selves because they aim to learn English without much trouble and efforts within their fore. Now if they get their hands at learning the English language, rest assured there would be immense problems for the English learners because the former will not be able to gather within them the confidence to speak it in an out and out fashion. What remains to be seen is the fact that the non-native English speakers or the foreign professors are bringing a bad name to the English language, as has been witnessed through proper evidence and research. There have been a number of problems within the English curriculum, and this has been manifested with the passage of time in this day and age. The difficulties in having foreign professors are such that there is a lot at stake that needs to be corrected, and the students of the English language are usually on the receiving end whenever the talk goes out loud regarding the non-native English speakers and their pertinent trade (Brown, 2010). The non-native English speakers rely on the short term success pointers rather than emphasizing deep upon the very basics that remain within the aegis of the English language, and hence the problems seem to start out of nowhere. The non-native English speakers who are teaching the English language are doing a great injustice to this language and its followers. Now is the time to realize where the shortcomings are cropping up from, and how these could be resolved amicably to ask for a proper replenishment of the teachers who know how to teach the correct English dictum and thus allow the people to be one step ahead of where they are within this languageââ¬â ¢s domains (Walker, 2010). Thus all-out efforts are required by the people within the helm of affairs to take the call and allow the people at large to experience English in its truest form and manner. In the end, it would be sound to state that the difficulties of having a foreign professor are significant to understand, analyze and properly decipher. Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-62105088897317792482020-02-06T16:06:00.001-08:002020-02-06T16:06:03.597-08:00Religion - Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsReligion - Hinduism - Essay Example By the term ââ¬Ëreincarnationââ¬â¢, it is believed by the Hindus that the soul is eternal and it lives several lifetimes. It is further believed that the soul at times is born in the human body, at times in the animal body and often in the plant body (Holisticonline, ââ¬Å"Reincarnation, Samsara and Karmaâ⬠). Hinduism states that not only the divine reincarnations like Lord Krishna but also the pure minded saints can remember their past reincarnations. It is further believed that reincarnation provides the person with the opportunity to evolve spiritually through different important experiences that he receives during his reincarnation. He may even reach the process of realizing God. The person in this stage is called a liberated soul (Bhaskaranada, ââ¬Å"The Vedanta Society of Western Washingtonâ⬠).... The effects of the Karma are evident when the person is reincarnated. This can be explained with the help of an illustration. One child may be born blind while the other may be born with a perfect body. Now, one may say that it has happened according to Godââ¬â¢s will. However, in this note it can be said that according to Hinduism the child has born blind because of the bad deeds conducted by him in his previous incarnations. Itââ¬â¢s the stored up Karmaphala of the personââ¬â¢s past birth that has caused blindness in this birth. In order to get rid of Karma or to reduce the effects of bad karma, it would be advisable to perform activities without expecting the outcome of the actions. In order to release from the Karma, it would also be better to realize God. Hinduism states that the definitive solution to lifeââ¬â¢s basic problem is to be freed from Karma and achieve freedom from the cycle of rebirth. Idea of Reincarnation The idea that reincarnation generally takes pla ce because of the unfulfilled desire really makes sense. This is so because when the people die with certain strong unfulfilled desires that can only be fulfilled on earth, then it leads to the reincarnation of that soul. Difficulties All the souls have the opportunity to experience life in different forms, i.e. either in a human body or animal and plant body. This concept of rebirth is quite difficult to understand because a human soul cannot take the form of animal or plant. For instance, a mango seed will yield a mango tree and not an apple tree. Possibilities of Continued Existence There are possibilities of continued existence of the reincarnation according to the Hindu belief. The theories have revealed that in order to accomplish the desire that was Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-64175159819169948132020-01-28T22:22:00.001-08:002020-01-28T22:22:02.984-08:00Identify the Individual at Risk of Skin Breakdown and Undertake the Appropriate Risk Assessment Essay Example for Free Identify the Individual at Risk of Skin Breakdown and Undertake the Appropriate Risk Assessment Essay Upon arriving at the care home, I shut the door behind me, clocked in using my time card and signed the staff log book which is a requirement of the fire safety policy. Prior to starting my shift, I attended the hand over held in the staff office with closed doors to maintain confidentiality and privacy of the residents. The hand over gives me important changes in the residents health and social care needs, requirements and procedures that need implementing during the shift. One of the residents I usually care for is Mrs H who has just come back from a hospital admission. According to her care plan Mrs H was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 4 which are predisposing factors for pressure sores. She is bed bound, cannot weight bear and had just undergone Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) for fracture on her left tibia fibula which left her immobilised. She is also incontinent of urine and faeces which are all predisposing factors to sore development. As one of her primary carer, I was assigned to carry out a risk assessment for skin breakdown with the use of the Waterlow Scale. I knocked on Mrs Hs room before entering as a sign of respect for her privacy and greeted her good morning. I asked how she is and she smiled which means she is fine as she has difficulty speaking. I asked her if she would like to have her bed bath and she said yes please. I informed her that I also need to carry out a risk assessment for skin breakdown to identify if she is at risk of developing a pressure sore. I explained the procedures that she will expect, the reasons behind these and I asked for her permission to carry on. She obliged by softly saying ok in a very low voice. Before starting the assessment, I gathered all the things that I need. I observed standard precautions for infection control by washing my hands with soap and water and drying them with disposable paper towels. I wore a disposable plastic apron and donned a pair of disposable gloves to prevent the spread and transfer of infection from one person to another. With the help of my colleague, I gently and carefully took off Mrs Hs night dress informing her every step that I make to make her aware and to encourage her cooperation. I kept it in yellow laundry bag as per organisational policy on infection control and prevention. I covered her body with bath towels to maintain her privacy and keep her warm. I washed her face and body with the use of disposable Mediwipes with soap and warm water. I dried her up using the towel to keep her from freezing. I took off her nappy pad and washed her private front part properly and dried her afterwards. Then I informed Mrs H that I need to turn her on her side so that I can wash and examine her back. With coordinated movements from my colleague, we gently and carefully turned her on her side, taking special care not to put any undue pressure on her bad leg to prevent any further injury. I examined her back side taking note of pressure points or bony prominences on her shoulders, sacrum, elbows, ankles and heels. Her skin on her shoulders, spine, elbows and heels look fine but there is a redness on her sacral area which feels hotter than other areas of her skin. I asked Mrs H if she feels any pain in her bottom and she said yes in a very low voice. On her left heel is an abrasion which she developed while she was in the hospital. I washed her back and her bottom gently and dried them up properly as excess moisture can aggravate her skin condition. I put her soiled nappy pad in a plastic bag to be disposed of in the clinical waste bag. I applied aqueous creme on her skin especially on bony prominences to prevent drying. I applied sudocrem on her sacral area to soothe and to protect and help heal her skin. I put on a clean nappy pad on her, put on clean clothes and positioned her on her right side to relieve the pressure on her sacral area, using cushions to make her comfortable. The nurse-in-charge came inside the room to check on her left heel wound and I asked her how to clean it and what dressing should I use for it. She said I can clean it with sterile water and sterile gauze, dry it up and apply Versiva dressing for protection as advised by the tissue viability nurse. I disposed of my gloves and donned on a clean pair. I washed Mrs H wound on her heel with sterile water and sterile gauze, dried it up and applied Versiva dressing. I put on a pressure relief cushion on her left foot to relieve pressure, kept it supported and in a comfortable position. I thanked Mrs H for her cooperation during the procedure. I informed her about the condition of her skin and reassured her that it is well taken care of. I disposed of my apron, gloves and soiled dressings in the plastic bag, tied it and disposed it in a clinical waste bag. I washed my hands with soap and water again and dried it up to prevent the spread of infection. Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-21501496432500343222020-01-20T18:46:00.001-08:002020-01-20T18:46:03.577-08:00growaw Metamorphosis of Edna Pontellier in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening EssaysThe Metamorphosis of Edna Pontellier in The Awakening The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin, tells the story of a woman, Edna Pontellier, who transforms herself from an obedient housewife to a person who is alive with strength of character and emotions which she no longer has to repress. This metamorphosis is shaped by her surroundings. Just as her behavior is more shocking and horrifying because of her position in society, it is that very position which causes her to feel restrained and makes her yearn to rebel. Adele Ratignolle is Edna's close friend and confidante, but the two women are nothing alike. Adele is the perfect housewife and mother; she is the epitome of what a Creole woman and mother ought to be. She lives her life for her children, always being sure that they are properly cared for, clothed, and educated. Unlike Adele whose life is fulfilled through loving and caring for her children, Edna is "fond of her children in an uneven, impulsive way" (Chopin, p. 18). They are not enough to justify her life. Adele could not understand how Edna could say that she "would never sacrifice herself for her children, or for anyone" (Chopin, p. 47). Edna's being is taking on a new importance in her life. She is starting to realize just how important it is to be true to herself. She has never done that before. She went along with the way things were supposed to be, holding her socials and tending to her house until she became aware that she needs more from her life. Edna's marriage to Leonce is safe, but there is no passion or excitement. "She grew fond of her husband, realizing with some unaccountable satisfaction that no trace of passion or excessive and fictitious warmth colored her affection, thereby threatening its dissolution" (Chopin, p. 18). While this lack of emotion is enough to satisfy Edna for the majority of her marriage, after she begins to allow her true self to come forth, she feels trapped and seeks a way to escape. She realizes that she needs intrigue and flavor in her marriage, especially, in her life. Leonce cannot understand that she does not fit the mold of the typical Creole woman. Her lifestyle is suffocating her. The person whom Edna truly admires is Mademoiselle Reiz, who is a brilliant pianist. Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-54133357282424728782020-01-12T15:09:00.001-08:002020-01-12T15:09:07.350-08:00Female Subjectivity and Shoujo (Girls) MangaFemale Subjectivity and Shoujo (Girls) Manga (Japanese Comics): Shoujo in Ladiesââ¬â¢ Comics and Young Ladiesââ¬â¢ Comics Fusami Ogi I. Sexist Reality and Ladiesââ¬â¢ Comics: Womenââ¬â¢s Lives and Experiences Shoujo manga experienced a turning point in the 1970s when more women began to choose different lives from those the traditional gender role system expected them to take. Although the Japanese social system supports women as housewives, the number of women who work outside the house has been increasing. In this article, I am going to survey the situation of women in Japan when ladiesââ¬â¢ comics was born in the 1980s and consider how ladiesââ¬â¢ comics could convey those womenââ¬â¢s voices. The ? rst publication of the genre ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is Be Love published by Kodansha in 1980. Its target reader is an adult female approximately 25 to 30 years old. Generally, the target readers of ladies comics are adult women or shoujo who are almost adult. Ladies comics seem to have performed two roles as a new kind of writing for women: the ? st is to present womenââ¬â¢s desires when they are no longer girls; and the second is to offer alternate role models to adult women. In these respects, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre which ? rst requires identi? cation with the category ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwoman,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ rather than a genre which gives readers an objective point of view de? ned by the category ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwoman. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ The number of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics magazines increased as if re? ecting womenââ¬â¢s increased concern with their own lives. There were only two ladiesââ¬â¢ comics in 1980, but the number went up to 8 in 1984, 19 in 1985, and 48 in 1991 (Shuppan 1996: 201; 1999: 226). The 1980s, when ladiesââ¬â¢ comics became quite popular, was a time in which working women disrupted sexist myths which presented working women as unattractive and sexually frustrated (Buckley 1989: 107). It is signi? cant that after 1985 the number of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics increased dramatically, because in 780 Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 781 1985 Kikai kintou hou [The Equal Employment Opportunity Law] was passed in the Diet, which guarantees equal employment opportunities to both men and women. However, the law was not strict and there was no punishment stipulated if companies did not follow the law. Since the law just encouraged companies to arrange equal opportunities for both men and women, most women had to continue their ? ght against the discrimination triggered by being women (Shiota 2000; Ueno 1995; Ueno 1990: 303; Sougou 1993: 268; Bornoff 1991: 452). Although the law barred sexual discrimination in the workplace, jobs and career expectations were still gender coded. The law was passed on May 17 in 1985, and by April 1 in 1986 when the law became effective, companies managed to invent two new categories to classify full-time jobs: sougou shoku [managerial career track] and ippan shoku [regular service]. According to Ueno Chizuko,1 in 1986, 99 % of male employees of new graduates were employed as sougou shoku, which includes business trips and transfers to other sections or branches in the future, and 99% of female employees recruited from among new graduates were employed as ippan shoku, which does not include the possibility of such transfer (Ueno 1990: 303). A woman in an ippan shoku position is generally called an ââ¬Ëââ¬ËO. L. ,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëof? ce lady. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ This position never allows the possibility of promotion. It is a position that re? ects the traditional feminine role as a housewife in a household. To cite Yuko Ogasawara: Most of? ce ladies are not entrusted with work that fully exercises their abilities, but are instead assigned simple, routine clerical jobs. They have little prospect of promotion, and their individuality is seldom respected, as evidenced by the fact that they are often referred to as ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëgifts. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ (1998: 155) Of? ce work that included preparing and serving tea to male workers was mostly reserved for the of? ce ladies (Allison 1994: 93). Ogasawara claims that ââ¬Ëââ¬Ë[I]ndeed, men in Japanese companies are dependent on women for their loyal and reliable assistanceââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ (1998: 156). According to the data in 1996, women workers occupy 8. 2% of all managerial posts in Japan, while in the US, 42. 7% of the managerial posts are held by women (Inoue 1999: 115). The position of of? ce ladies only creates a glass ceiling. 782 A Journal of Popular Culture The law was not a happy avenue to equality between men and women. It was based on gender segregation. It forced female workers to work as late hours and at as physical and demanding jobs as men, and raised the number of female parttime workers (Sougou 1993: 268; Ueno 1995: 702). According to Shiota Sakiko, in 1987, 48. 2% of wives of employees had a job, and more than 40% of the wives with a job were part-time workers (Shiota 2000: 152). In fact, the Equal Employment Opportunity Law was not a law that encouraged women to pursue long-term careers. Rather, it was a law that aimed at protecting women who were also engaged in housework. Protecting the position of housewives, the Japanese government has maintained women as a low cost, secondary labor force (Shiota 2000: 175; Ueno 1995: 700). Shiota declares that in the 1990s the easiest lifestyle for a woman is still to choose the traditional female role, where a woman is economically supported by her husband (Shiota 2000: 165). Women who pursue careers have to choose either of two courses: to give up housework or to ? nd a substitute in the home for herself (Shiota 2000: 87). In fact, it seems dif? cult for most women to give up housework. Therefore, according to Shiota, if she cannot ? nd a substitute in the home for herself, she has to do with both housework and outside employment. However, the number of women who are pursuing careers has been increasing. The Equal Employment Opportunity Law opened opportunities for some women. The number of women whose work is not secondary is increasing (Konno 2000: 218-19). Moreover, the traditional form of marriage, in which men go out to work and women stay at home, is becoming obsolete. Anne E. Imamura remarks: [In the 1990s] The cost of living pushed women into the labor force, but the sluggish domestic economy cut into womenââ¬â¢s gains in the job market. Womenââ¬â¢s age at ? rst marriage rose to twenty-six, crossing the magic number of twenty-? ve, when womenFlike Christmas cakesF were supposed to become stale. Women were in no hurry to marry, and once married had fewer children. (1996: 4) Despite the reality of the current Japanese society, in which the birth rate (Inoue 1999: 5)2 is decreasing, according to Shiota, most women who work outside the house regard child raising as a part of their future happiness (2000: 84). According to Shiota, Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 783 n Japanese society, which values housework only in relation to housewives, women need different role models for their current lives from that of the conventional lifestyle for women, because more and more women do not conform to the conventional role models the society endorses. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics may provide women with such models and possible ideas for their futures. This genre may help women to generate a space where they can amuse themselves a s women and also consider their dif? culties in reality in the process of pursuing a more satisfying, ful? lling way of life. The increase in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics magazines seems to re? ect ` womenââ¬â¢s consciousness-raising vis a vis their position both within and outside the house. As we have seen, the Japanese social system has been more supportive of the position of housewife, which resulted in the increase in the number of housewives who also worked outside the home as part-time workers. The position as a part-time worker imposed a double bind on a woman: housework has continued being regarded as a womanââ¬â¢s duty and the womanââ¬â¢s labor force outside the house has been kept as secondary. However, the number of housewives who are engaged only in housework is decreasing and more women are participating in work outside the home. The Employment Equal Opportunity Law did not bring many bene? ts to working women, but as Ueno points out, the law permitted companies to require women to work outside the home as hard as men (Ueno 1995: 702). This meant that women had to be like men to work outside, but it also gave both men and women an opportunity to reconsider existing gender roles. That is to say, the law ironically exposed the fact that women were not the only ones that had suffered from traditional gender roles. Shoujo in Ladiesââ¬â¢ Comics Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has become a genre which re? ects the contemporary dif? culties of womenââ¬â¢s lives and their pleasures. In order to present ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomen,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ the women writers each pursue the image in their own manner. As I pointed out before, the following two roles are crucial to examining ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as writing for women: the ? st is to present womenââ¬â¢s desires when they are no longer girls; and the second is to offer role models to adult women. In this section, I would like to explore 784 A Journal of Popular Culture these two points in turn, considering how ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, as intended explicitly for a woman who is no longer a shoujo, is independent of shoujo manga, if they still share some aspects, I would like to examine how they rework the concept of gender and how the social background has been re? ected in those aspects. 1. A Woman as Sexual Subject The most crucial reason for the popularity of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics in the 1980s, according to critics (Matsuzawa 1999: 29; Ishida 1992: 76), is the introduction of the theme of sexuality. Because shoujo is a common word in Japanese meaning a teen-aged female before marriage, it was very dif? cult to deal with the theme of sexuality in shoujo manga, in spite of its being a genre for women, by women, and about women. As a result, in the 1970s shoujo manga created a special way to use the male body in order to introduce the theme of sexuality. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics visualizes the theme of sexuality using adult womenââ¬â¢s bodies. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics offered the theme of sexuality to both women writers and readers in a more suitable way for their age (Yonezawa 1988: 168) and the issues positively represent sexuality, showing women who frankly enjoy their sexual affairs (Fujimoto 1999b: 84). Employing womenââ¬â¢s own bodies, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics provided women, who were not allowed to be in a subject position for their sexuality and pleasure, with a space in which they can acknowledge and accept their sexuality. However at this point, we have a problem with ladiesââ¬â¢ comics in that the texts represent womenââ¬â¢s roles only from womenââ¬â¢s points of view. For example, explicit sexual encounters from a female protagonistââ¬â¢s point of view are often depicted in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which seem to challenge the pornographic discourse of maleoriented publishers. This may heighten womanââ¬â¢s consciousness, suggesting that women can also gain a subject position from which they can ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëlookââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ at and objectify males. But we cannot say that the texts do not reinscribe the man/woman power relationship because they are written for female readers alone and thus do not affect male readers in any way. As long as these texts explore ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomenââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ only from the point of view of heterosexual women, the use of women by women is not much different from menââ¬â¢s use of women for purposes of sexual titillation (Pollock 1977: 142), which Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 785 retains the hierarchical power relationship; they remain mere image-promoters rather than image-makers. This limitation of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is re? ected in the fact that ladiesââ¬â¢ comics present marriage as a natural goal for a woman. As Arimitsu Mamiko remarks, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics mainly functioned as a reinscription of patriarchal values and a female version of pornography (Arimitsu 1991: 154). As long as the characters in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics question whether they can get married or continue their marriage safely, they never question the system itself. To envision a womanââ¬â¢s future position as a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëhappyââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ housewife and mother might even enhance the myth of motherhood as a natural result of marriage. Here women objectify themselves according to patriarchal codes, reinforcing heterosexual gender roles and preserving a ? xed ideology. Considering that the genre ladiesââ¬â¢ comics does not abandon the traditional view of ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomenââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ but perpetuates it, we cannot help but see the genre reinscribing the existing value of gender. However, considering the turning point in shoujo manga in terms of sexuality in the 1970s, it is crucial to note that ladiesââ¬â¢ comics provided women with a space in which they could confront and acknowledge their own bodies. Although most ladiesââ¬â¢ comics might only represent the traditional power relationship between men and women, the space of women in manga for women has been changing, generating different forms. The history of shoujo manga as womenââ¬â¢s space has existed for only a few decades and has offered various ways to challenge the existing gender roles. After the turning point in the 1970s, in which shoujo manga introduced the subversive theme of sexuality, shoujo as a female body has been secured by employing a boyââ¬â¢s body to explore the theme of sexuality. In terms of the theme of sexuality, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is one of the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëfailuresââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ of shoujo manga. adiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre which can deal with explicit sexuality that shoujo manga could not handle. As a gendered category for women, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a younger sister of shoujo manga. But ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is not a genre which takes over the characteristics of shoujo manga regar ding sexuality. Instead, dealing with a taboo subject for shoujoââ¬â¢s sexuality, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre for a woman who fails to be a shoujo. Shoujo manga has interpellated readers and writers in terms of gender, while portraying taboo subjects in the form of the absence of the shoujo. The category ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as a womenââ¬â¢s genre would also tell women how to perform as 786 A Journal of Popular Culture ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomenââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ and signal writers and readers that they are reading what has been written for adult ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomen,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ while portraying what shoujo cannot be or do. Here, the existence of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which promises womenââ¬â¢s sexual pleasure, seemingly performs what adult women want, and reinscribes the existing power relationship between man and woman merely by replacing male gazes with female gazes. However, as a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëfailureââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ of the category shoujo manga, it also disturbs a woman when she sees her sexuality in a traditional way. As a supposedly sexual ââ¬Ëââ¬Ësubjectââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ in pornographic representations for women in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, a female reader may enjoy her sexual desire, but may also see her sexual desire of an adult woman as a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëfailureââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ of a shoujo or what is not shoujo. The female sexual subject of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics destabilizes the idea of shoujo, which does not contain female sexuality of women and does not present womenââ¬â¢s bodies. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, as a category for women, reinscribes the traditional values of women, but at the same time, as a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëfailureââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ of shoujo manga, promising to introduce what shoujo or a future woman should not have, stimulates the world of comics for ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomen. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ This characteristic of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which presents what shoujo manga cannot contain, might emphasize and develop ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as pornographic representations of womenââ¬â¢s bodies, which could not directly be represented in shoujo manga and needed to be transformed into other bodies. In this sense, pornographic representations of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics are part of the concept of shoujo and its absence, rather than a result of a mere reversal of a male and female power relationship which merely looks at a womanââ¬â¢s body as a sexual object. 2. Role Models to Women Another function of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has been to present various images of womenââ¬â¢s lifestyles as role models for other women. Mainly dealing with themes which closely report womenââ¬â¢s daily lives such as love, marriage, and work (Yonezawa 2000: 1009), the purpose of the genre has been to describe ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ womenââ¬â¢s lives (cf. Fujimoto 1990: 193-94). A shoujo manga writer, Shouji Masako, who is currently writing ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, comments that writing shoujo manga is easier than writing ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, because in shoujo manga you can Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 787 pursue dreams and readers would not recognize them as lies (Shouji Masako 1983: 110). A realist perspective on womenââ¬â¢s lives is one difference between shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. Since the 1970s, one of the crucial reasons for shoujo manga to be treated as serious ? ction has been its use of fantastic illusions in addition to realistic concepts. As Fujimoto Yukari remarks, in the world of shoujo manga, most of the working womenââ¬â¢s occupations are special ones such as designers, pianists, actresses, or models, where talent and originality matter; ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, however, even in the late 1980s, depict common womenââ¬â¢s daily lives (Fujimoto 1994). Offering various familiar lifestyles and their problems, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics becomes a sphere in which women can see their own lives as women. However, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, as well as shoujo manga, does not always encourage women to be independent (Matsuzawa 1999: 29) and to ? ht traditional, patriarchal values, which compel women to stay within a subsidiary position. For example, Waru [A Bad Girl], a long-run ladiesââ¬â¢ comic from 1988 to 1997 in Be Love, presents the success story of a woman who continuously overcomes the dif? culties of her lower status as an of? ce lady and at the same time never gives up her love. Some readers regard Waru as an example of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics with a feminist point of view which encourages women readers to be independent (Sakamoto 1999: 27). At the same time, this work has been criticized in that the heroine is totally passive and merely lucky (Erino 1991: 177). Erino Miya claims that the heroine does not do anything to further her career. The protagonist only accepts other peopleââ¬â¢s advice, and never doubts it, and she is asked to do things which seem to have no relation to her career, such as to remember a sweeperââ¬â¢s name. This work only regards a woman as a person who cannot do anything without help and never discovers her life by herself, but always thinks about love. Although some ladiesââ¬â¢ comics depict the severe and unequal reality which women may face at the of? ce, most stories end with a happy marriage to a nice husband. Yet according to Murakami Tomohiko, since the 1990s, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics began to be regarded as a genre which also deals with social issues. Until then, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics had drawn attention only to its pornographic and radically sexual scenes (Murakami 2000: 1006). As a genre which deals with womenââ¬â¢s 788 A Journal of Popular Culture eality, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics began to focus on more social and political issues, such as domestic violence, rape, sexual harassment, and so on, presenting how the woman character tackles the problems, suffers, and sometimes makes mistakes, rather than clearly suggesting which solution she should take. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics draws both womenââ¬â¢s reality and their fantasies in a more serious way than shoujo manga, in that shoujo are at an age when they can still enjoy illu sions of gender, while the reality faced by readers of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics requires them to consider marriage as if it were a social obligation. The theme of marriage in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics begins to appear as one social and political issue, while shoujo manga deals only with a process to marriage. Moreover, differently from shoujo manga, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics can present issues after marriage, including divorce as a principal theme. For example, Amane Kazumi, one of the most productive ladiesââ¬â¢ comics writers, deals with current womenââ¬â¢s issues in a serious way. Shelter, one of her ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, depicts a woman who is beaten by her husband (see Figure 1). They had two daughters. The younger daughter was very smart and her fatherââ¬â¢s favorite. After she died in an accident on her way home with her mother, the fatherââ¬â¢s violence toward his family erupts. His violence unveils his male-centered values and contempt toward his wife. The wife and their elder daughter escape from the husband and go to a shelter for battered women. Shelter depicts how the female protagonist overcomes her problem, recovers her con? dence, and regains an independent life, which she once had as a lawyer. Presenting other women who share the same problem, this work considers different cases of domestic violence. As we see in this manga, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as a genre about women living in reality as adults, seems to show more concern about the process of how the heroine and other women change their lives, rather than about a solution leading to a happy ending. This work not only reveals male dominance within society, but also portrays each womanââ¬â¢s ? aws and how she easily spoils her partner and their relationship without knowing it, for example, by only being concerned about her ? nancial status and being supported by her husband although she does not love her husband any more. In this work, each story ends when a woman decides to change her life in a positive way, which leaves an impression of a happy ending. Yet in fact, it is not simply a happy ending. It is a new beginning for her life, Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 789 Figure 1. Amane Kazumi. Shelter. Tokyo: Hakusensha, 2001. 26-27. r 2000 Kazumi Amane/Hakusenha. which is not guaranteed to be a better life than before. However, some reference to the actual law related to womenââ¬â¢s status and reliable comments by the heroine as a lawyer may suggest to readers that this manga could help and encourage women who are in reality suffering from a problem. Thus, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics develops as a genre for female readers and their issues, which shoujo manga could not take up. Nevertheless, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics seems still to contain a conventional sense of femininity, which shoujo manga also displays as a genre. The following two points especially emphasize the traditional concept of femininity in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. First, as I suggested before, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics presents many women who depend upon their husbands or partners and are waiting for someone who would lead them and love them. Second, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics rarely present elderly or middle-aged female protagonists, although the genre was generated from womenââ¬â¢s need to ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëgrow up. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ 790 A Journal of Popular Culture The ? rst point supports a passive femininity like that of Cinderella which can be seen in shoujo manga. As we have examined, it also re? ects the current status of Japanese women, in which, as Shiota and other critics remark, the traditional womanââ¬â¢s life as a housewife totally supported by her husband has been the easiest, most traditional, and socially acceptable life for women to choose. This may explain why ladiesââ¬â¢ comics are more concerned with marriage, than with women living independently of marriage. However, as we have seen in Shelter, the treatment of marriage has been changing and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is becoming a genre which shows the problems of current social issues about women who can be part of an unhappy marriage. The second point also re? ects traditional femininity. That is to say, in the world of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, the concept of youth seems still effective as a key concept of ideal femininity, just like in the world of shoujo. In comparison with menââ¬â¢s comics which presents many middle-aged male main characters, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which rarely show older females as main characters, seem a part of shoujo manga, rather than an independent genre. One of the characteristics of the genre for adults might lie in its treatment of various types of characters in part de? ned by age. In this respect, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as a genre for women could have focused on widely aged female characters and have even expanded a sense of femininity regarding age. However, middle-aged women, as Susan Napier points out, have been excluded from the world of manga: ââ¬Ëââ¬ËIt is also interesting to note that there seem to be relatively few manga concerning middleaged women or mothers in contemporary Japanââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ (Napier 1998: 105). Nevertheless, in comparison to other genres, we ? nd more middle-aged and older women characters in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as subcharacters. Their problems are depicted from the younger heroinesââ¬â¢ point of view, and in that sense, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics at least do not ignore elder women, but include them. Thus, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics still maintains the traditional sense of femininity, which shoujo manga also holds as part of its conventional sense of shoujo. In this respect, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has not made a genre of manga for women in a general sense yet. Rather, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre which presents what shoujo manga cannot do. In other words, dealing with both tradition and subversion to the existing notion of shoujo and making a dissonance between them to destabilize the existing system must be a way which ladiesââ¬â¢ comics takes over from shoujo manga. Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 791 Promising to show women who are not shoujo any more, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics stimulates readersââ¬â¢ existing notion about women who still recognize imaginary shoujo in themselves. However these days, we see the term josei manga, which means manga for women, and which tries to replace the term ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. Although it has not emerged yet, in a strict sense that there are no manga for women of different ages, this genre is gradually moving away from shoujo manga to a womenââ¬â¢s genre. Performing what cannot be shoujo and promising the emergence of a genre of manga for women, the genre adiesââ¬â¢ comics may also continuously urge women not to depend on the division anymore between shoujo manga for shoujo and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics for women who are not shoujo, which divides women into only two types that supposedly never merge. Writing Women and Shoujo Manga The number of ladies comics magazines increased from two in 1980 to 48 in 1991, and to 57 in 1993, as I noted ea rlier. By 1998 the number had shrunk somewhat to 54. They still have a large readership, although their publication was reduced in the late 1990s. The total publication including special issues of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics in 1998 was 103,820,000, which comprises 7% of all manga publication; the highest total publication of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics was 133,520,000 in 1991 (Shuppan 1999: 226). However, the concept of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has gradually changed. As we have seen, the contents of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics have experienced some change in that ladiesââ¬â¢ comics also became a genre of political and social issues. Further, another genre of manga for women emerged from ladiesââ¬â¢ comics and shoujo manga. In the late 1980s and 1990s, a different type of commercial magazine of manga for women came out: Young You in 1987, Young Rose in 1990, and Feel Young in 1991. While some data count these magazines as ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, they have been regarded by critics and readers as another genre (Ishida 1992: 76; Fujimoto 1999a: 28). Since these early magazines share the word ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëyoungââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ in their titles, the new genre has been called ââ¬Ëââ¬ËYoung ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢3 Their target readers range from girls in their late teens to women under thirty. Yet the genre seems to cover a wider range of readers, since there are characters over thirty and readersââ¬â¢ pages often show letters from middle-aged 792 A Journal of Popular Culture women. Although we manage to distinguish these three genres, the actual boundaries regarding contents, readers, and writers among shoujo manga, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics are somewhat vague, perhaps except for shoujo manga for lower teens and the special interest of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics in pornography, horror comics, mothering, and so on (Yonezawa 2000: 1009). Besides, some young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics magazines call themselves shoujo manga. For example, a phrase of the copy for Chorus, one of the popular young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics magazines, signi? es the status of young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics: shoujo manga mo otona ni naru [shoujo manga also grows up]. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a contradictory genre which at once contains sexuality, shoujo, and adult women. How mi ght we explain the contradictory impulses at work in the new genre, which has both characteristics of shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, and at the same time, is different from the existing two genres in terms of womenââ¬â¢s lives? I will explore what enables this alternative perspective, which can share and separate the two genres at the same time, considering how the genre young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics can open a different perspective in the world of manga for women, and how the term shoujo, which these three genres share, functions upon this genre to create a new writing. Since the genre contains shoujo, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics can be regarded as a part of shoujo manga, but it also contains adult women and their issues and has characteristics of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. In this sense, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre between shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. As Fujimoto remarks, the concept of marriage seems to play an important role to distinguish these three genres. shoujo manga represents women before marriage and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics deals with women after marriage, while young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics represents both womenââ¬â¢s lives before and after marriage. Fujimotoââ¬â¢s idea of the division between shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, i. e. , marriage, suggests that both shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics are patriarchal products. Ishida Saeko also sees young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as a product between shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. Yet Ishida regards young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as manga closer to shoujo manga. According to Ishida, although it contains sexuality, the genre takes over the world of shoujo manga, which is more concerned with shoujoââ¬â¢s inner mind and cannot escape the narrow and personal world of ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëherself. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ In this respect, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is not a totally new genre. That is because shoujo manga as the ? rst genre of Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 793 manga for women has heavily affected other genres of manga in terms of women, especially this genre which employs shoujo as main characters. Yet simultaneously, we may also ? nd some signi? cant characteristics in young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, in its treatment of the same term shoujo. These three genres share the concept of shoujo, but their modes of representation are different. Shoujo manga has shoujo, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has a taboo concept for shoujo in the form of sexuality, and young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has shoujo, although it deals with sexuality. They are all manga, for women, by women, of women, but make use of the concept of women in terms of shoujo differently . The characteristic of young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics appears in its treatment of shoujo and reality, which distinguishes this new genre from shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. On the one hand, shoujo manga visualizes the concept of shoujo and, as I suggested, even if it introduces taboo concepts like displacement into male bodies to shoujo, readers would notice their existence in the form of the absence of shoujo. On the other hand, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics deals with what is taboo to shoujo as a counter category to shoujo manga and tries to depict adult womenââ¬â¢s real lives and issues which shoujo manga cannot imagine. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics maintains a shoujoââ¬â¢s point of view, but it also inherits a characteristic from ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which surveys reality rather than fantasy and tries to present shoujoââ¬â¢s life and issues as part of the reality surrounding them, just like ladiesââ¬â¢ comics tries to deal with womenââ¬â¢s issues and lives from their own perspective as women. Reading works published as young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, we would never think at least at the ? rst glance that they are presenting ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreality. ââ¬â¢ Many elements remind readers of shoujo manga: their cute characters with big eyes, their concern for love and inner feelings, and special situations or happenings which would rarely occur to ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëactual girls. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ Yet their concern for reality makes young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics unique and different from shoujo manga. For example, let us examine Onna tachi no miyako [Womenââ¬â¢s Utopia] (1992-1994) by Matsunae Akemi , one of the most productive and popular shoujo manga writers who also writes for young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. In the late 1980s, an early series of this manga was published as shoujo manga. From 1988 to 1990, Katorea na onna tachi [Women Like Cattleya], which employs the same characters, was published in LaLa, and from 1992 to 1994, Onna tachi no miyako was published in Bouquet. 794 A Journal of Popular Culture LaLa and Bouquet are both shoujo manga magazines. In 1993, the series was also published in a new magazine Chorus, which has been one of the popular young ladiesââ¬â¢ magazines. This work experienced a transition from shoujo manga to young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. It is about three women characters running a nursing home for elderly people. At ? rst glance, this work may seem to present typical cute shoujo characters. Then immediately, we notice that this manga uses the term shoujo in a double sense. One is shoujo in their teens and the other is shoujo in an ideological sense, which signi? es women who have either shoujoââ¬â¢s mind and feelings or appearance despite their age, even if they are in their seventies. In Figure 2, an interviewer mistakenly asks them a question for girls. The interviewer immediately runs away after she notices that she made a mistake, but the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëagedââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ girls complain why the interviewer does not de? ne a girlââ¬â¢s age up to 74, instead of 24. Using aged protagonists, this manga unveils how the term shoujo is ? ated on the notion of youth. Simultaneously, this manga portrays issues of old age and sometimes depicts aged charactersââ¬â¢ pasts, Figure 2. Matsunae Akemi. Onna tachi no miyako. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Shueisha, 1994. 7-8. r 1994 Matsunae Akemi/SHUEISHA, Inc. Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 795 in which they were physically â⠬Ëââ¬Ëshoujo. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ Not seriously, but comically, this work depicts how they had to suffer as shoujo in a traditional world under the patriarchal society before the war, suggesting a contrast with the current meaning of shoujo, which appears totally liberal in the story. This disruption of the notion of age in the world of shoujo manga, which later moved into the category young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, might tell us how the term shoujo began to become a sign which can ? oat free from the body of shoujo. The characters insist that they are still shoujo. Yet their existence as shoujo might subvert our notion of the existing shoujo and the traditional shoujo image. In this work, shoujo is not a body anymore, but is an ideological concept that suggests that everyone can be shoujo if they want. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre which visually uses shoujo mangaââ¬â¢s technique and presents cute girls. Like ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, the genre centers on female characters and their issues, but its representation offers ? exible images of shoujo, which does not always show the properly aged shoujo. The notion of shoujo can be applied to any body beyond its physical sense of being a teenaged female before marriage. A con? ict between the notion of shoujo and what is actually presented as shoujo subjects gives a twist to the world of shoujo. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is about shoujo, and does not always show a taboo concept to the category shoujo, as ladiesââ¬â¢ comics tries to show. This aspect of young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, once again, refers to the fact that shoujo can be a signi? er which freely moves from the existing bodies of shoujo, emphasizing itself as an ideological notion, from which readers may take and get out whatever they want. Furthermore, such different treatments of reality among these three genres will appear in their different endings. A typical shoujo manga has been regarded as the story, of a prince and a princess with a happy ending to a love story such as Cinderella, in which a lower-status girl gains a higher-status husband through magic. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics present their works as part of real lives and expect the ending to provide readers with an actual solution which they would also have in their lives. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics also concerns reality and many women writers for this genre claim that they want to write manga which does not end but continues in the same way as the real life that they are having now continues. In general, they regard shoujo manga as a limited genre which does not allow them to write what they are writing currently. The concept of the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ 796 A Journal of Popular Culture ppears as if it were a common key word among them regarding their comments on the limit of shoujo manga. However, the concept of the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreal,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ which young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics deals with, also seems to have a unique message, because young ladies comics does not abandon shoujoââ¬â¢s point of view, which also allows readers to see dreams. Despite its concern about real lives of women, the concept of shoujo still remains in young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. Yet, the difference between shoujo manga and young ladies comics can be found in their treatment of this shoujo. Basically, shoujo manga shows the world of a girl before the age of social duty. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics seemingly present a similar world in which a character can appear as shoujo without any social obligations. However, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics also emphasize some aspects of the protagonist, which stress that she has also been living in a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ life. In reality, ââ¬Ëââ¬Ësheââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ gets hurt, gets old, or gets changed in some way. She also witnesses somebody experiencing a change. A shoujo protagonist in young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics appears not as a momentary existence which will ? nish once the story ends, but as an actual existence, just like the readers who are living and continue their lives after the story ends. This perspective, which sees shoujoââ¬â¢s life as one that will continue after the story ends, is common among popular authors in the ? eld of young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. For example, a wellreceived young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, Happy-Mania, by Anno Moyoko, which started in 1995 and ended in July 2001, presents a unique shoujo character, who easily makes love but cannot ? nd a boy whom she can trust. Unlike the existing type of shoujo, this heroine uses her body as her ? rst step to love. Anno says that she now writes a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ love story with sexual scenes which Anno herself could have experienced but shoujo manga discourages (Anno 1999: 160). For example, in Figure 3, the protagonist is excited about her new love, while her friend, who is drawn as a smaller ? gure, asks her if they used a condom or not. Tracing this protagonist, who is easily blinded by her love, this story continues to show various cases of love affairs which young women might experience. Figure 4 shows a moment when she ? nds out that her boyfriend has another girlfriend. That does not end her love, and the story continues showing her pursuing her boyfriend until she becomes something like a stalker and ? nally notices what she is doing for a worthless male; she decides to ? d another lover. And then, another story Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 797 Figure 3. Anno Moyoko. Happy-Mania. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Shodensha, 1996. 97. r 1996 Anno Moyoko/Shodensha. 798 A Journal of Popular Culture Figure 4. Anno Moyoko. Happy-Mania. Vol 1. Tokyo: Shodensha, 1996. 112. r 1996 Anno Moyoko/Shodensha. Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 799 about this protagonis t begins. Although readers of shoujo manga may expect a happy ending, the readers here do not necessarily expect one (Anno 1999: 164). Moreover, Minami Qta, one of the popular young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics writers, denies the concept of ending itself. Her work is quite different from typical shounen (boys) and shoujo manga which offer a clear ending. According to her (Minami 1997: 196), typical shounen and shoujo manga are stories about gaining something. Shounen manga deal with the pursuit of power, money, or a position, while shoujo manga aims at attracting a handsome boy. Yet, to her, ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealityââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ does not cease the moment something has been attained. Makimura Satoru, a popular and renowned shoujo manga writer who has written for shoujo manga since the 1970s, refers to how she felt when she began writing for young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics (Makimura 1999). She thought that she could not write any more dream-like works for manga. She wished to write ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreality,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ in which as long as she lived, she would face more uncomfortable facts. At the same time, she did not totally abandon shoujo manga. Yet she composed her works in a different way, using some aspects of shoujo manga. She began research outside the world of shoujo manga. Researching readers by herself, she found how deceitful and ? ctitious what she had written as shoujo manga was. Here, what she notes as the importance in the category genre of young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is to present ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreality. ââ¬â¢ These young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics writers ? nd shoujo manga full of deceits which tell only comforting myths to entertain shoujo with dreamlike ideas; young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics allow them to write something other than fantasy. In fact, many popular young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics writers share this wish for the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreal. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â ¢ Onozuka Kahori, another popular young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics writer, also makes similar comments that she is writing a life, not a story, with upheavals, which might even hurt you. They wish to show how shoujo will be if she continues her life. Even after the story ends, their charactersââ¬â¢ lives would continue. Onozuka suggests that she would like to send a message to readers, which suggests that even if they can be hurt, they will be ? ne, and such experience will give them power to continue their lives (Onozuka 1999: 30). However, in speaking about the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ that shoujo manga cannot present, we should note that these young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics 800 A Journal of Popular Culture writers point out facts. On the one hand, they have shoujo, and on the other hand, they want the shoujo to grow up, move, and change. Can shoujo grow up? The term shoujo is a category for girls during a special period in which they are neither children nor adults. Yet some heroines in young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics seem to already have grown up because they deal with the theme of sexuality. Considering the ideological function of the category shoujo, which has used even her absence as her substance, we note a similar function of the category shoujo in young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which uses shoujoââ¬â¢s absence, rather than showing a heroine who is shoujo. By offering a heroine who grows up enough to deal with sexuality, but has not found a way to settle down herself in accordance with the social codes which her gender requires, such as marriage, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics make use of the concept of shoujo. This heroine, who already has a sexual body of a woman, offers shoujoââ¬â¢s absence, rather than her existence. The absence of shoujo functions here again as a key to perceiving the connection of the manga with a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ life, which shoujo does not have; young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics resists idealization which portrays only one piece of her life as if it were the best moment. The genre of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which employs the theme of sexuality and womenââ¬â¢s bodies and their issues, has been a practice of how to develop what shoujo manga has treated in the form of the absence of shoujo to describe womenââ¬â¢s sexuality and their adult lives. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics enabled what shoujo manga could not contain. Then young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics was born and dealt with what ladiesââ¬â¢ comics could not contain. Showing both what ladiesââ¬â¢ comics cannot contain and what shoujo manga cannot contain, the new genre, temporarily called young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, seems to occupy a place in between shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, but it is more than that, rooted in the term shoujo. Showing the body of shoujo, it alters the meaning of shoujo into that of a future adult woman, who is still in the process of changing and considering her life in reality. In 1999, the Kikai kintou hou [The Equal Employment Opportunity Law] of 1985 was amended. A clause concerning sexual harassment was added and the law became stricter. The older version of the law only encouraged companies not to discriminate against women, but the revised law bans discrimination in promotion, education, and so on. It becomes a companyââ¬â¢s duty not to discriminate against employees in terms Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 801 of gender. However, there are still many points which need to be amended. For example, the new clause concerning sexual harassment does not ban sexual harassment. According to the new version of the law, it is a companyââ¬â¢s duty to take sexual harassment into consideration. Under such circumstances, womenââ¬â¢s struggle at work will continue. The category shoujo functions as an ideological apparatus for women to be free from social obligations such as marriage. Womenââ¬â¢s world of manga began with the term of shoujo. Even a new genre for adult women has been formed out of shoujo manga and seems to be still part of shoujo, which could escape from the reality and social obligation. houjo still functions as an important aspect of comics for women. When will women in Japan escape the world of shoujo? The Japanese society imposes many problems on women although women are trying to get out of the category shoujo, which they claim ignores ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreality. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ However, women continue to question the disconnection between the category shoujo and themselves as adult women, allowing them both to think of their actual lives from the point of view of a shoujo who has not been involved in social obligations yet, and to imagine themselves as shoujo. In that sense, the category shoujo still gives female readers a performative power by promising to show another perspective which is the reality in which they live, in a process of their search for their own way of living. Notes Japanese names appear in the same order as they appear in their articles or books. 2 Number of children to whom one woman shall give birth when she is between the ages of 15 and 49 years old. In 1997, the birth rate in Japan was 1. 39. 3 Mediaworks. /http://www. mediaworks. co. jp/alt/000/text/ya. htmlS. 4 Yonezawa remarks that ladiesââ¬â¢ comics magazines have three kinds of target readers: ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëyoung Mrs. ââ¬â¢ for housewives, ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëladiesââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ for working women, and ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëyoung adultââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ for younger women around twenty. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics by major publishers employ many manga writers who were once engaged as shoujo manga writers. According to Yonezawa, the main stream of current ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has been closer to shoujo manga. 1 802 A Journal of Popular Culture Works Cited Allison, Anne. Nightwork: Sexuality, Pleasure, and Corporate Masculinity in a Tokyo Hostess Club. Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 1994. Amane, Kazumi. Shelter. Tokyo: Hakusensha, 2001. Anno, Moyoko. Happy Mania. 11 Vols. Tokyo: Shodensha, 1996-2001. Anno, Moyoko, Fushimi Noriaki, and Saito Ayako. ââ¬Ëââ¬ËRenai no real wo kakukoto. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ Eureka 29. 4 (1997): 154-64. Arimitsu, Mamiko. ââ¬Ëââ¬ËYokubou surukoto eno yokubou. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ imago 2. 10 (1991): 152-61. Bornoff, Nicholas. Pink Samurai: Love, Marriage & Sex in Contemporary Japan. New York: Pocket Books, 1991. Buckley, Sandra. ââ¬Ëââ¬ËThe Case of the Disappearing Subject: A Japanese Pornographic Tale. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ Discours social/Social Discourse 1/2 (Spring/ Summer 1989): 93-109. Erino, Miya. ââ¬Ëââ¬Ë ââ¬ËShiawaseââ¬â¢ no dou dou meguri. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ imago 2. 10 (1991): 175-81. 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Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-37443785013176857952020-01-04T11:33:00.001-08:002020-01-04T11:33:03.808-08:00The Incarceration Of The United States - 2529 Words Since 2002, The United States has had the highest incarceration rate in the world, and many of those imprisoned within the U.S. will be released and rearrested within three years (Langan Levin, 2002). Unfortunately, research has been mixed shown that the time spent in prison does not successfully rehabilitate most inmates, and the majority of criminals return to a life of crime almost immediately. Most experts believe that many prisoners will learn more and better ways to commit crimes while they are locked up with fellow convicts. There is a combination of programs and environmental conditions that impact the recidivism rates. The majority of prisons exist to protect the public and punish the offender (French Gendreau, 2006; Langan â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦His policies caused the growth of a massive corrections system that currently houses an estimated 2.2 million inmates. Since the 1970ââ¬â¢s federal and state correction agencies have consistently struggled to meet the i ncreased demands brought on by the US Department of Justice and strict drug laws; this in turn created the opportunity for Corrections Corporation of America to form, the largest private prison network in the United States (Godard, T 2015). With the precedent it set with the first private detention center, CCA changed the face of US corrections for good. The private sector became the quick fix to the problem of overcrowded and understaffed public prisons. The penal system in the United States is often portrayed as being tough on crime, but to many other western nations the penal system in the United States is viewed as a broken system (Mallory, 2006). While this is a tough critique, the American incarceration rate is the highest in the world at over 714 per 100,000 U.S. citizens (Walmsley, 2008). This rate is much higher than many of other western European countries, whose average incarceration rate is only 95 per 100,000 citizens (Stern, 2002; Walmsley, 2008). Americaââ¬â¢s higher rate of incarceration might be more acceptable if it resulted in a safer society. Consequently, one could reasonably conclude that the United Statesââ¬â¢ political agenda for increasing punishment to decrease crime yields an ineffective result. Therefore, in the Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-44686038111473298822019-12-27T07:59:00.001-08:002019-12-27T07:59:04.058-08:00Managing People Performance - Case Study - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2170 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Contents JOB DESCSRITION AND ITS BENEFITS POSITION AND JOB DESCRITION Duties and responsibilities: Qualifications: Recruitment and selection process DIFFERENT RECRUITMENT APPROACHES DIFFERENT TYPES OF SELECTION AND INTERVIEW Conclusion References . Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managing People Performance Case Study" essay for you Create order JOB DESCSRITION AND ITS BENEFITS Job description is a document which outlines the duty or work description of the employee, what actually company want from his/her employee in the term of effort. Job description consist different types of terms and conditions of the company that helps in the process of recruitment and selection, those aspects are: Description of position: job description provides the general information about the role that helps in the process of recruitment selection. This general information helps in attracting the right person for this job and employer can easily find the right person from those applicants (The Importance of Job Descriptions, n.d.). Function of the position: job description provides the duties of the position that helps the applicants to clear the view about that particular post, what company exactly looking for. In selection, that helps in filter the applicants through screening according to the position duties (The Importance of Job Descriptions, n.d.) Rather than those aspects job description can also be useful for the company in different ways like: Internal promotion: job description helps in internal recruitment, the person who is working in the company and exactly matches the job description and suits for that position, company can promote that person and this things also give motivation among the existing staff members. Analyzing performance: job description helps in analyzing the performance of the staff through analyzing their work according to the duties and KPIà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s. Advertisement; job description helps in advertising the job vacancy in newspaper, company website and social media. Advertisement also helps in promoting the name of the company through various channels of promotion. POSITION AND JOB DESCRITION Every organization craft the job description according to the job title. Job description shows the duty, responsibility and other things which is designed for the particular post. Under this section organization is going to design a job description for the checkout supervisor. Checkout supervisor is a person who works for the aim to provide best customer service through their skills and knowledge. This person directly deals with customer, handle the queries of the customer and responsible to manages the customer flow through the checkout. Basic purpose: for this position the basic purpose is manage all the things at checkout point by helping the checkout clerks to provide best customer service for the organization, handle customer queries and ensures the customer satisfaction. Duties and responsibilities: Managing checkout clerks: supervisor have to manage the team of checkout staff, by helping them at checkout point and providing them a training of all about the checkout operations (Scott, n.d.). Maintain checkout points: supervisor duty is to maintain the checkout points by checking all the things is stocked over there or not. Those things are shopping bags, register tapping, billing roles etc (Scott, n.d.). Monitor customer flow: supervisor is responsible for monitoring the customer flow at checkout points because at this stage customer do not want to wait long because they already finishes their shopping and they are ready to pay for their purchased goods, at this point supervisor have provide the same level of satisfaction through their services and manages the customer flow (Scott, n.d.). Control transaction issue: supervisor is responsible to control the transaction issue where the checkout clerk got stuck, ità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s the duty of supervisor to help him in solving that error and handle that transaction (Scott, n.d.). Reporting: supervisor have report the status of checkout points to the store manager and all the checkout clerks report to the supervisor. Qualifications: Diploma in business management level 7 or equivalent experience Minimum 1 year of management experience Knowledge of computerized till system. Recruitment and selection process RECRUITMENT Recruitment is all about attracting the right person for the right job. Big organization like food stuff always have a well-crafted infrastructure or plan to go through from their recruitment process. Food stuff always looks to use most cost effective way to attract the right person for the right job for example they advertise job vacancy on their company website and through board in stores, and applicants who are interested in store based job can directly apply through their store. But sometimes they have to use different channels of advertisement for their most specialist job such as baker. They advertise these vacancies on T.V, radio, company website, Google leaflets and in magazines. Foodstuff always follow the infrastructure of their recruitment process first they always try to fill up the available position internally through internal talent plan, if they are not able to find the right person. They took second step that is advertisement on intranet for two w eeks. SELECTION Selection process refers to choosing the right person from those applicants who applied for job. To choose a right person, they use screening. In the first stage of screening, selectors looks through the curriculum vitae (CV) of the applicants keenly. CV contains the information of job and education history of the applicant. A CV is the use as the main basic thing because CV reflects the image of that applicant. The company also have the software of à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"job type matchà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ on its career webpage , in which applicant can find the best job for them and also helps the selecting staff in selection process. In screening process they filter applicants stage by stage, first CV screening, second successful candidates called for an interview, third applicants who successfully clear the interview called up from screening attend assessment center and rest of them who are not able to clear receive a letter. Applicants who clear the screening atten d assessment center invited for the second interview. After the second interview who successfully completed it receive an offer letter and contract. DIFFERENT RECRUITMENT APPROACHES There are two types of recruitment process that a company always uses to fill up that vacancy. Those approaches are: Internal process External process Internal process Internal process is refers to the process where organization try to fill up that vacant position through their existing working members or staff. Food stuff use its internal talent plan because they always prefer first to fill up that position within the organization. Under this plan foodstuff always looks to fill up the vacancy internally. If they find the suitable employee for that vacancy they promote that employee or move the position of that employee at the same level. Foodstuff also uses the intranet. It refers to the computer networking that uses internet protocol to share information through computer within the organization. Through intranet they do advertising internally for two weeks. Advantages of internal process: Cheaper à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" It is a cheaper process because in this company did not advertise that post on a big level. Saves time recruitment- it is a snappy process by doing internal recruitment company can easily save the time. Dis-advantages of internal process Limited choice à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" organization have to select from a limited number of staff. A vacant vacancy- it still leaves a vacancy at that level when organization promote someone for the new role. External process External process refers to the process where organization try to fill up the vacancy from outside the organization. Foodstuff advertise the vacancy on its company website and board in stores. For some specialist vacancy they also different channels of advertisement. They advertise on TV, radio, magazines etc. Advantages of external process Wider choice- Organization got a wider people choice for selection. New skills- through external recruitment organization introduce a new thinking and new ideas in it. Dis-advantages of external process Expensive- it is an expensive process because organization have to use their funds for advertisement. Time consuming- it is a time consuming because in this process organization have to follow the infrastructure of recruitment and process. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SELECTION AND INTERVIEW Selection is a process that helps in selecting the right person for the job. There are different types of selection test that is made for the applicants to test their skills those are: Practical test Psychological test Cognitive test Practical test à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" these test are very common for test the skills. This test actually helps to check the skills and work ability of the person in the working condition. These test are necessary for some positions for example working in barista, chef position etc. Advantages Makes the work easy for selector to select the right applicant by analyzing their performance through this test. Selectors can easily mark the score of the applicants objectively. Dis-advantages The person who actually works nicely cannot able to show their performance while selectors is watching his/her work sharply. Difficult to receive the results at timely manner. Psychological test- These test are help in determining the candidateà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s personality, attitude and motivation. These test are specially designed by psychologist to measure those things. For example personality test (Chand, n.d.). Advantages This kind of test are less time consuming Selector can easily measure the personality type of the person and helps in selecting position whether this personality is suitable for the organization or not (Chand, n.d.). Dis-advantages These test are costly as compared to other test because these test are designed by psychologist that may charges organizations higher (Chand, n.d.). These test donà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢t have a proper scale of marking so sometimes selectors face difficulty to choose the right person (Chand, n.d.). Cognitive test- Those test are very useful to measure the skills like mathematical, memory and reasoning power of the applicant. These test is necessary for admin roles for example banking position. Advantages Easily measure the skills of the applicant through this test This test have a proper scale of marking so there is no scope for making wrong choice. Dis-advantages The result of these test are more time consuming. These kind of test are repeatable so these test can easily cleared by cheating and other source. Interviews Interviews are basically a kind of test to check the oral skills of the applicant. These kind of test are necessary for some jobs like any position for customer service, vacancy of telecommunicate etc. there are three types of interview, these are: Panel interview One to one interview Group interview Panel interview: In this interview more than two interviewer are involved. A team of interviewer take the interview of a single applicant. Each interviewer have its own question of different level to measure the skills of candidate. Advantages Makes work easy for organization to select the best candidate. More than one interviewer is involved in it so can help in making right choice. Dis-advantages It creates a nervous or negative environment for the candidate. Candidate can become confuse because of rapid rate of questions. One to one interview- this interview is interviewed by one interviewer, who is manager or HR personnel. These type of interview are mainly based on questions. Advantages Candidate feel more comfortable in this interview as compared to panel. Interviewer can make their decision fast about the applicant. Dis-advantage Can only ask limited question of the particular field Require a person who have knowledge in every field of business. Group interview: in this interview a group of candidate is interviewed at the same time. A couple of topics are given to that group for discussion. Interviewer can easily measure the skills and knowledge of applicant. Advantages Easily save time by interviewing a group of candidate at the same time. In this interview candidates can freely share their ideas and knowledge. Dis-advantages Some candidates did not feel confident to share their idea in front of group. Clashes of personality of candidates. Conclusion Organization like foodstuff use and follow a particular pattern of selection procedure. This pattern helps the organization to interview the candidate at different level and test their skills and knowledge at different level. When they follow hierarchy of selection process they filters candidate and able to find the best candidate for that post. In this structure they test the candidate two times through interview. First time by screening of assessment center and finally by HR personal or manager. By doing this they do a kind of double check with their candidates. Food stuff did not use any other selection and interview type because they already have a nice structure in selection process where they got assessment center and interview for their candidates to measuring their strength. If they will put some more types of interview in their hierarchy of selection process, it create complexity in it and more time consuming so there is no need to add some different types of interview. References Chand, S. (n.d.). Psychological Tests of an Employee: Advantages, Limitations and Use. Retrieved 05 16, 2015, from https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/employee-management/psychological-tests-of-an-employee-advantages-limitations-and-use/27916/ Scott, G. (n.d.). Qualities Responsibilities of a Checkout Supervisor. Retrieved 05 15, 2015, from https://work.chron.com/qualities-responsibilities-checkout-supervisor-23818.html The Importance of Job Descriptions. (n.d.). Retrieved 05 15, 2015, from https://www.financialwisdom.com/pflsresourcecenter/HowardUniversity/SmallBusiness/JobDescriptions.shtml Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-18334292319347617812019-12-19T03:48:00.001-08:002019-12-19T03:48:03.276-08:00Corporate Social Responsibility Csr - 986 Words In the recent years, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has gained lots of attentions among public, and plenty of companies invest more efforts on the CSR activities (Hur, Kim and Woo, 2013). At the same time, companies can undertake their social responsibility in different ways, namely, CSR has some classifications, and most of scholars accept that there are three main classifications of CSR, which are related to social, economic and environmental issues. The reason why companies do CSR activities is that the pressure of the economy, society and environment enforce the company to take economic, social and environmental consequences of their business into account (Alsmadi Alnawas, 2012). Whatââ¬â¢s more, companies are able to gain benefits by undertaking social responsibility from the CSR activities. Positive brand image is the most vital benefit of CSR since it provides competitive advantage by having consumer commitment, which will give consumersââ¬â¢ high purchase intent ion and willingness to pay higher price for product or service (Mohr and Webb, 2005; S.M.M. et al, 2013). Ghosh and Das (2013) find out that companies are trying continuously to maintain and improve their brand image, because the positive brand image contributes to the competitive advantages and superior market share. And the positive brand image can influence customersââ¬â¢ purchasing behaviors since consumers prefer to choose the companies that have the good brand image (Maignan and Ferrell 2001). For instance,Show MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility And Csr1566 Words à |à 7 PagesSocial responsibility or also called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- is the firmââ¬â¢s engagement (voluntarily initiated) in and its compliance (legally mandated) to environmental, social, and governance issues (The Foundation, 2014). Also, is based on stakeholderââ¬â¢s needs being financially sustainable, and CSR can come from both corporate or not-to-profit organizations. CSR has seven categories; Leadership, vision and values; Marketplace activities; Workforce activities; Supply chain activities;Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1167 Words à |à 5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept which is also known as corporate citizenship, corporate conscience or in a simple way a responsible business. It is an integrated concept of self-regulatory business model for any organisation. Corporate Social Responsibility has been in practice for more than fifty years now, which has been adopted not only by domestic companies but also by transnational company with voluntary CSR initiativesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1232 Words à |à 5 PagesCorporate social responsibility has become a buzzword within the industry in the last few years. Following the financial market crash investors and stakeholders began looking at corporations to act more socially responsible. The meaning of social responsibility differs across regions. Western countries are the ones who are pushing for corporate social responsibility -thesis-- A broad overview at corporate social responsibility (CSR) looks to corporations to make a change in the society or the environmentRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility1598 Words à |à 7 Pages CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined by many groups like, Tata steel, Coca Cola, Reliance, Videocon etc. Although they all stand for similar meanings connecting to taking responsibilities of the society as a business individual, its definition has been getting broader from a established point of view, corporate social responsibility is a type of business instruction included in a business demonstration. CSR policy functions as a self-regulatoryRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1285 Words à |à 6 PagesCSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility and it is a concept with many definitions and practices and also a buzzword in the media. In general, corporate social responsibility is the policies and progra ms of business corporations which tend to benefit society while improving a corporationââ¬â¢s public image and profitability at the same time. The meaning of it is implemented in different countries and companies differently. Warren Buffet said that it takes 20 years to build a reputation and onlyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )863 Words à |à 4 Pagestechnology in the last century. The term of Corporate Social Responsibility appears more often into publicââ¬â¢s concerned and it has become a hot issue in recent years. This essay is going to discuss and provide an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by debate some key issue in this area. 1.2 What is Corporate Social Responsibility? In 1953, Bowenââ¬â¢s Social Responsibility of the Businessman firstly discusses the idea of corporate social responsibility. He states the relationship between societyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1314 Words à |à 6 PagesSocial responsibility has become a primal interest to the humankind for the past two decades. In the earlier days, the firms and organizations concentrated only on the financial part of the business and ignored the ethical, social and moral sectors. But in the recent times, the businesses are getting a grip of the significance of the social, ecological and environmental effects on their success. This has resulted in the emerging interactions between organizations and social segments thus giving riseRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1173 Words à |à 5 Pages Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is highly important to Millennials. If a company is lacking a CSR plan, now it a good time to start one. Millennials are looking for ways in making a positive impact on the world and are expecting the same from companies. They are looking for companies that contribute to the betterment of communities and the environment. Millennials put great value in supporting such brands, companies and organizations that share these values. Companies without a CSR in placeRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr979 Words à |à 4 PagesThe notion of Corporate Social Responsibility is a phenomenon globally known for many years. In spite of the fact that CSR has been neglected for quite a long time, nowadays several authors deal with this issue, as revealed by the development of theories in recent years concerning the topic. In spite of the fact that there has been a huge growth of literature it is still impossible to simply define CSR. Many definitions trying to capture the concept of CSR exist, but their content varies (MattenRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1370 Words à |à 6 Pagesmore attention on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The core issue is the appropriate responsibility of business. In as much as firms ought to obey the law, but beyond complete compliance with environmental laws, the question is whether firms have extra social responsibilities to commit part of their resources to environmental preservation voluntarily. This memo provides an exploratory investigation of the link between corporate social responsibility and the benefits accruing to a Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-19612729809435417782019-12-11T00:30:00.001-08:002019-12-11T00:30:05.500-08:00Book Summary Essay Research Paper Man Against free essay sample Book Summary Essay, Research Paper Man Against Darkness W.T. Stace Man Against Darkness is an essay written by W.T. Stace. He presents the philosophical background for the experiential stance of the modern universe. He tries to explicate why faith no longer plays an of import portion in the modern universe and what causes people to lose religion in faith. He begins his essay by explicating the point of view of the Catholic bishops of America and compared it to the thought of Jean-Paul Sarte, the Gallic existential philosopher philosopher. The bishops believe that the helter-skelter province of the modern universe is due to adult male s loss of religion, and the forsaking of God and faith. W.T. Stace does non believe in faith at all, yet he wholly agrees with the bishop s statement. Jean-Paul Sarte is an atheist and his position besides supports the statement of the bishops. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Summary Essay Research Paper Man Against or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jean-Paul Sarte explains that, in the early yearss work forces depended on God as the beginning of moral ideals. Now, work forces understand that the universe is non ruled by religious forces, but instead by unseeable forces. Therefore ; our ethical motives must come from our head, and we are the 1 who decides what is right and what is incorrect. Stace, so subsequently goes on to explicate Mr. Betrand Russel s thought, which was different from both the bishops and Jean-Paul Sarte. Mr. Russel believes the faith has done more injuries than good and the disappearing of faith will be a approval to human being. Mr. Russel s thought is the same as that of M. Sarte. He stresses that adult male is entirely and friendless in the universe. Mr. Russel besides notes that scientific discipline produced such state of affairs. It is scientific discipline that made people lose religion in faith. Stace explains that scientists do non interested in inquiries such as is there god? Or what s the significance of life? They merely interested in understanding the procedures instead than the intents. They merely ask inquiries that begin with how but non why. Along with the ruin of the spiritual vision there went the ruin of moral rules and values. Ethical motives are human innovations. It is us who decide what s right and incorrect. It s a affair of sentiment. Morality is unsafe and it leads to chaos in society. Philosophers who see the danger attempt to give ethical motives a new foundation that does non affect spiritual thought. Stace references that philosophers may be able to make up ones mind what are good and bad, but the great multitudes of people may non be able to make so and the consequence will be catastrophe. Some people suggested replacing old faith with a new one, but Stace predicts that it will neglect. Why? Because work forces have lost the belief hence ; it can non be revived. Some proposed that we should turn to science itself, or the scientific spirit, for our redemption. Another inquiry that came up in the essay is can the whole civilisation live without faith? W.T. Stace explains that it is possible for educated work forces, philosophers, scientists, intellectuals, to populate their moral lives without faith, but he does non believe that the whole civilisation including the uneducated can make so. W.T. Stace sums up his chief thought in the decision of the essay. He states that work forces in the early clip are violent and as clip passed by the development of human civilisation made morality connect with faith. If modern adult male live without faith, they will drop back into the early stage, when work forces were violent and barbarous. After reading this essay, I have gain an apprehension of how of import faith is. I believe that faith have shaped up my ethical motives. I agree with Stace on many parts in the essay. I agree that we can non replace old faith with a new one, because one time work forces lose religion about something, they will non be able to travel back and believe in it once more. I do non hold that work forces lose religion in faith because of the scientific revolution. I believe that work forces are smart plenty to be able to understand nature without affecting the inquiry with God. When I was immature, I asked my female parent why does it rain and she answered that it is because God is shouting. I knew that it wasn t true. I didn t know what is rain, but I do cognize that it is non because God is shouting. I think that people are losing religion in faith because faith is non pure any longer. For illustration, many monastics are ravishing misss and got off with it because they have money to pay th e constabulary. The money came from us who devoted ourselves to religion because we genuinely think that faith is pure. I stopped believing in faith long clip ago and it s non because of scientific revolution. I lose my religion in faith because I think that I make my ain fate and there s no 1 in the sky to assist me populate my life. I choose what I want to be and where I want to travel and everything is based on my determinations. Whenever I fell, I couldn t see any manus making down from the sky to assist me. I solve my ain jobs and I can merely depend on me. That s why I do non believe in faith. Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-37105178364996033282019-12-03T12:12:00.001-08:002019-12-03T12:12:03.429-08:00IKEA study case Essay ExampleIKEA study case Essay What do you think of the companyââ¬â¢s product strategy and product range? Do you agree with the matrix approach described in Figure B of the case? 5 3Despite the success there are many downsides to shopping at IKEA. What are some of these downsides? IKEAââ¬â¢s vision statement (in Figure C of the case) describes how the company seeks to build a ââ¬Å"partnershipâ⬠with its customers. What do you think of this vision statement? 4The fact that IKEA plans to have fifty stores in operation in the USA by 2013 is an indication of how optimistic the company is about the viability of its value proposition in this country. Do you think IKEA is being overly optimistic in its growth plans? How would you improve IKEAââ¬â¢s value proposition to make it even more attractive to American consumers? 7 5To achieve the kind of growth IKEA is hoping for, should the company change its product strategy? If so, in what way(s)? What about its product range ââ¬â are there limitations to t he matrix approach? Should the company expand its product lineup to include a greater number of styles and price points? In what other ways should the company consider changing its product lineup? 8 6If you had to predict, what do you think IKEAââ¬â¢s value proposition and product lineup will look like in ten years? 9 7Industry observers have suggested that IKEA should open up smaller, satellite stores across the United States ( e. g. in shopping malls, strip malls, etc. ) By offering a limited range of IKEA products, these ââ¬Å"IKEA Liteâ⬠shops would presumably give consumers who do not otherwise have access to a full size IKEA the opportunity to experience the brand. We will write a custom essay sample on IKEA study case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on IKEA study case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on IKEA study case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition, consumers who do live near a full size IKEA would be able to use these mini outlets to make minor purchases (e. g. purchase a set of mugs as opposed to an entire living room set). Do you agree with this idea? Why or why not? 9 What factors account for the success of IKEA? There are several factors for the success of IKEA. Firstly, IKEA is known for its product differentiation and cost leadership. Although they have high sales revenues they do not become less sensible for cost-cutting which means that they try to save costs in as many areas as possible. Costs are kept under control starting at the design level of the value-added chain, by packing items compactly in flat standardized emblazes and stacking as much as possible to reduce storage space during and after distribution in the logistics process. Besides, employees are constantly reminded to save energy by turning of the light or computers if they are not being used. Additionally, since the furniture comes unassembled, people have to build up their furniture on their own at home but therefore pay way less money than at other retailers. Therefore they especially reach price-conscious customers. This actually means that they are operating in a niche market because normally Scandinavian furniture stands for high quality and therefore high prices, but they achieved to combine simplicity, design and space ââ¬â and of course low prices. Secondly, IKEAââ¬â¢s store concept distinguishes itself from other furniture retailers. Its stores are self-service and feature special amenities such as a childcare center, Swedish cafes and often also stores where you can buy typical Swedish food. Therefore the shopping experience itself is very appealing to customers. Besides, although the IKEA stores are huge, the store layouts are carefully designed. There is always a light and bright atmosphere and the model bathrooms, living rooms, etc. are decorated in a cheerful and tasteful way. Moreover, it seems that the working atmosphere for employees is very personal and close since they all call each other by their first name, no matter which hierarchic position the person holds. What do you think of the companyââ¬â¢s product strategy and product range? Do you agree with the matrix approach described in Figure B of the case? For us the product strategy including the matrix approach sounds very simple but convincing. By analyzing consumerââ¬â¢s trends first, they focus on their customerââ¬â¢s needs and wishes which always should be top priority. Then, by setting a price with the help of ââ¬Å"the matrixâ⬠, which consists of three price ranges and four different styles, products developer cannot only compare their product easily to their competitorââ¬â¢s but also seek new opportunities. Due to the fact that every product category has its own matrix those can be used to identify gaps in the product line-up and therefore product managers can become aware of new market opportunities. Also, by always setting the price 30 or 50% lower than the competitors they are very attractive for people who do not have a lot of money or who are not willing to spend huge amounts on furniture and home decoration. Since IKEA has over 1,800 suppliers to choose from, they are able to balance cost-efficient labor with the companyââ¬â¢s product quality standards. Sometimes different product components are also produced in different countries and the customer can decide at the end which one he wants (e. g. different colors of cushions, etc. ). In addition, it is very smart to use high-quality material for the more visible furniture surfaces and lower quality material for less visible and stressed parts. Besides, it is a smart idea to force its designers to pitch their ideas against each other: By doing this they have a higher variety to choose from and might end up with something more fashionable and special than if the design department had only presented one idea. We believe that the product strategy and range works very cost-efficiently and also allows achieving a higher penetration in the market. Since IKEA offers a huge variety, the probability is higher that everyone finds something he or she likes. Also it distinguishes them from other retailers who are not able to offer such a big product range because they have higher costs producing and providing them. Despite the success there are many downsides to shopping at IKEA. What are some of these downsides? IKEAââ¬â¢s vision statement (in Figure C of the case) describes how the company seeks to build a ââ¬Å"partnershipâ⬠with its customers. What do you think of this vision statement? There are two main downsides to shopping at IKEA: quality, service and missing customization. Since IKEA uses also low-quality material in order to set a low price, it often happens that the furniture only lasts for a few years and that especially while moving flats products can easily break. Secondly, the lack of service when it comes to home delivery or construction f the furniture purchased, is a downside as well. Customer need a big car, be able to understand the construction manual as well as having all the tools at home. Also, IKEA stores are often a little further outside the city so customer need to be willing to drive maybe one hour to get to the store. Although customers know that this is the concept of IKEA they might nevertheless feel overstrained to build up the furniture or do not po ssess cars big enough to bring their purchased items home. Last but not least, the product range nearly allows no personalization or customization. IKEA products are for the mass market and therefore are not able to fulfill everybodyââ¬â¢s wished especially not for richer people who look for luxury or more unique goods. In IKEAââ¬â¢s mission statement they explain how they want to be partners with their customers. IKEAââ¬â¢s mission is to create a better everyday life by offering beautiful and durable furniture at low prices so that also people with smaller wallets are able to improve their homes. IKEAââ¬â¢s part in this partnership is to finding simple solutions, scrimping and saving in every direction ââ¬â except when it comes to ideas. Also, their designers work with manufacturers to find smart ways to make furniture using existing production processes. Then their buyers look all over the world to find the best suppliers with the most suitable raw materials. After that, they buy in a bulk so that they get the best deals and the customers the best prices. The customerââ¬â¢s part now is to go to the store, pick out the furniture and then pick it up at the self-service warehouse. After that they have to get them home themselves and assemble them on their own. Since this service is not done by IKEA, they do not charge for it and the logical consequence is that IKEA and customer save money together. We think that the mission statement fits perfectly to IKEAââ¬â¢s core concept and core competency. If customers want to pay a low price for more or less quality and fashionable furniture they must be willing to do something for this in exchange. In this case they have to bring their products home and assemble them themselves. The success of IKEA shows that many people are willing to do that in order to pay less than at other furniture retailers. The fact that IKEA plans to have fifty stores in operation in the USA by 2013 is an indication of how optimistic the company is about the viability of its value proposition in this country. Do you think IKEA is being overly optimistic in its growth plans? How would you improve IKEAââ¬â¢s value proposition to make it even more attractive to American consumers? In our opinion this was not an overly optimistic goal. The past growing trend indicated that there was a high potential in the US furniture market. Since IKEA does not only have monster stores and great prices, it also created a niche. Furthermore, they analyzed two core problems in the US market and made adjustments: Firstly, they realized that Americans are very likely to stick with their furniture and home decoration for many years and more seeking for a lifetime product instead of something cheap that might only last for a few years. In order to convince Americans to change this habit and be more open for changing furniture more often, they started publishing commercials that were making fun of the Americanââ¬â¢s unwillingness to part with their furniture. These commercials were quite successful and maybe also lead to the increasing number of customers. Secondly, they saw that Scandinavian design was something for a small niche market and furthermore that only offering the same products that they had in Europe would not be successful. Consequently they made adjustments to the product range (e. g. bigger glasses) in order to meet the Americanââ¬â¢s expectations. These changes are important for creating a value proposition and can always be continued. By asking customers for feedback and also what changes they would like to see that are made they can extend their value preposition and reach more customers. These analyses and preparation were needed to set food in the US market. Since nowadays IKEA has 49 stores in the US (source: IKEA, ââ¬Å"Welcome Insideâ⬠, 2011) they are very close to reaching their goal and also the USA is the second top selling country after Germany (11%). When it comes to improvements, IKEA could consider to offer furniture delivery and assembly service (the customer would have to pay for that service) to satisfy busy consumers or people that are unable to do the construction themselves. Furthermore, they could extend their product range with products that have a higher quality and therefore longer durability to satisfy quality-conscious consumer segments. To achieve the kind of growth IKEA is hoping for, should the company change its product strategy? If so, in what way(s)? What about its product range ââ¬â are there limitations to the matrix approach? Should the company expand its product lineup to include a greater number of styles and price points? In what other ways should the company consider changing its product lineup? They should only change their product range when it comes to making adjustments in order to accommodate to American habits and standards. For example, to offer products that are bigger in size to fit in the American Homes. So far there are of course limitations to the matrix approach because it only offers three kinds of prices and four different styles and no ââ¬Å"in-between-productsâ⬠are possible. Nevertheless, in our opinion they should not change that because if they offer a greater number of prices and styles they will compete stronger with the high-end and low-end competitors. Although IKEA has reasonable prices they cannot and should not compete with low-end retailers such as Walmart, etc. because the margins would become lower. Also they do not have the service in order to compete with high-end stores. Therefore they should also stick with their four styles and not overwhelm the customers with all kinds of sub-styles etc. like those companies do. They state themselves that it is part of their philosophy not to have everything nor extreme or over-decorated items, but they have what helps to build a good home for a nice living. Nevertheless they offer many home products next to furniture, such as dinnerware, lamps, decoration, etc. Consequently shoppers can find everything they need in order to prepare a cozy home. All in all, we think IKEA should stick to their mission but obviously it makes sense to adjust a few features and details in order to appeal to American customers. The numbers these days show that IKEA was right to stick to their concept and therefore they achieved the growth they wanted. If you had to predict, what do you think IKEAââ¬â¢s value proposition and product lineup will look like in ten years? We believe that the value preposition and product line up will not undergo extreme changes. Since IKEA has a successful product strategy they do not need to change their core competency or create other competitive advantages. Obviously, in the upcoming years there will be new trends that IKEA has to implement in their product range and they also have to face the growing e-commerce market. This is why IKEA should start thinking about also selling their products online. This would also make it easier for customers since the delivery would be done by IKEA. Since this Harvard Case is from 2004 there have been some changes in the last years. In 2012 IKEA launched their first e-commerce site for the Russian market which experience high approval due to its combination of emotion, information and interaction. In this context interaction would mean for example that people can decorate and design their rooms online with a simulator that shows how each IKEA product would fit to different styles or living conditions. Industry observers have suggested that IKEA should open up smaller, satellite stores across the United States ( e. g. in shopping malls, strip malls, etc. By offering a limited range of IKEA products, these ââ¬Å"IKEA Liteâ⬠shops would presumably give consumers who do not otherwise have access to a full size IKEA the opportunity to experience the brand. In addition, consumers who do live near a full size IKEA would be able to use these mini outlets to make minor purchases (e. g. purchase a set of mugs as opposed to an entire living room set). Do you agree with this idea? Why or why not? One the one hand it would be a good idea to start up satellite stores in location where access to nearest IKEA Superstore is more than an hourââ¬â¢s driving. A research into the areas demographics and spending habits could serve as an indicator whether a satellite store would be successful in the long term or not. Opening new IKEA satellite stores in smaller towns would also lead to higher brand awareness. This could serve as a way to advertize their global presence. Furthermore, an IKEA satellite store could carry smaller items which do not require much of the floor/ storage space but should include the virtual display and its detailed information so as to promote the IKEA brand. The smaller products could be displayed in a showcasing fashion to appeal the buyers. In addition they could show in smaller stores how the items there could be combined with bigger products (such as furniture) in order to inspire people and make them drive to the bigger stores to purchase the products. On the other hand, the unique shopping experience that usually is created in the big stores due to the carefully designed store-layouts, the Swedishââ¬â¢ restaurants and child care center would get lost. Customers who went for the first time to IKEA into a satellite store would get a complete different brand image than someone who goes to the flagship stores. Therefore IKEAââ¬â¢s unique points-of-difference would be lost. Furthermore, there is the threat that people would no longer connect IKEA with furniture but only with small home decoration products. This could lead to a decrease of sale in the bigger stores. Summarizing, we would therefore say that in order to install satellite stores there must be detailed analyses how big the demand would be and which customers would be likely to visit these stores ââ¬â if they are familiar with the IKEA concept or if they are ââ¬Å"newbiesâ⬠. [ 1 ]. Cf. : http://www. e-commercefacts. com/news/2012/06/ikea-e-commerce-video/index. xml, seen on the 25. 11. 2012 Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-22588374289384391452019-11-27T14:46:00.001-08:002019-11-27T14:46:03.257-08:00English Literature and Composition Heroic Couplet Transition FlashcardEnglish Literature and Composition Heroic Couplet Transition Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-61258642366897360732019-11-23T22:20:00.001-08:002019-11-23T22:20:03.870-08:00Definition and Examples of the Middle Style in RhetoricDefinition and Examples of the Middle Style in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, the middle style is reflected in speech or writing that (in terms of word choice, sentence structures, and delivery) falls between the extremes of the plain style and the grand style. Roman rhetoricians generally advocated the use of the plain style for teaching, the middle style for pleasing, and the grand style for moving an audience. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: DecorumLevels of UsageOn Familiar Style, by William HazlittStyle Examples and Observations An Example of the Middle Style: Steinbeck on the Urge to TravelWhen I was very young and the urge to be someplace was on me, I was assured by mature people that maturity would cure this itch. When years described me as mature, the remedy prescribed was middle age. In middle age I was assured that greater age would calm my fever and now that I am fifty-eight perhaps senility will do the job. Nothing has worked. Four hoarse blasts of a ships whistle still raise the hair on my neck and set my feet to tapping. The sound of a jet, an engine warming up, even the clopping of shod hooves on pavement brings on the ancient shudder, the dry mouth and vacant eye, the hot palms and the churn of stomach high up under the rib cage. In other words, I donââ¬â¢t improve; in further words, once a bum always a bum. I fear the disease is incurable. I set this matter down not to instruct others but to inform myself.(John Steinbeck, Travels with Charley: In Search of America. Viking, 1962)Three Kinds of StyleThe classical rhetoricians delineated three kinds of stylethe grand style, the middle style, and the plain style. Aristotle told his students that every kind of rhetorical style is capable of being used in season or out of season. They warned against the too grand style calling it swollen, or the too plain style which when misused they called meagre, and dry and bloodless. The middle style used inappropriately they called slack, without sinews and joints . . . drifting.(Winifred Bryan Horner, Rhetoric in the Classical Tradition. St. Martins, 1988) The Middle Style in Roman RhetoricThe speaker who sought to entertain his listeners would choose a middle style. Vigor was sacrificed for charm. Any and every form of ornamentation was appropriate, including the use of wit and humor. Such a speaker possessed the skill to develop arguments with breadth and erudition; he was master at amplification. His words were chosen for the effect they would produce on others. Euphony and imagery were cultivated. The overall effect was one of moderation and temperance, of polish and urbanity. This style of discourse, more than any other, typified Cicero himself and would later influence us in English through the marvelous prose style of Edmund Burke.(James L. Golden, The Rhetoric of Western Thought, 8th ed. Kendall/Hunt, 2004)The Tradition of the Middle Style- The Middle Style . . . resembles the simple in striving to communicate truth to the understanding with clearness, and resembles the grand in aiming to influence the feelings and passions. It is bolder and more profuse in the employment of figures and the various emphatic verbal forms, than the simple style; but does not use those appropriate to intense feeling, which are found in the grand.This style is employed in all compositions intended not only to inform and convince, but at the same time to move the feelings and passions. Its character varies with the predominance of one or other of these ends. When instruction and conviction are predominant, it approaches the lower style; when influencing the feelings is the main object, it partakes more of the character of the higher.(Andrew D. Hepburn, Manual of English Rhetoric, 1875)- The middle style is the style you dont notice, the style that does not show, ideal transparency. . . .To define a style in this way, of course, means that we cannot talk about the style itselfthe actual configuration of words on the pageat all. We must talk about the social substance surrounding it, the historical pattern of expectations which renders it transparent.(Richard Lanham, Analyzing Prose, 2nd ed. Continuum, 2003)- Ciceros idea of the middle style . . . lies between the ornateness and perorations of the grand or vigorous style (used for persuasion) and the simple words and conversational manner of the plain or low style (used for proof and instruction). Cicero designated the middle style as a vehicle for pleasure and defined it by what it is notnot showy, not highly figurative, not stiff, not excessively simple or terse. . . . The twentieth-century reformers, up to and beyond Strunk and White, were and are advocating their version of the middle style. . . .An accepted middle style exists for any form of writing you can think of: news stories in The New York Times, scholarly articles in the sciences or humanities, historical narratives, Web logs, legal decisions, romance or suspense novels, CD reviews in Rolling Stone, medical case studies.(Ben Yagoda, The Sound on the Page. Harper, 2004) Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-2584964253176526092019-11-21T05:58:00.001-08:002019-11-21T05:58:15.213-08:00Special Interest Tourism in Barbados Case StudySpecial Interest Tourism in Barbados - Case Study Example At that time, cruise passenger arrivals were about 510,000 with 528 cruise ship calls in 2006. Part of the motivation for this strategy related to the clear indications that Caribbean nations were competing aggressively for cruise ship calls and that the traditionally strong position of Barbados (with its port facilities and long history of tourism activity) would lose market share. As its statistics indicate, there has been an almost 15% decline since 2006. Part of this is the increased competition Barbados expected. In addition, repositioning of cruise ship routes and itineraries has also contributed to the decline. The industry is always looking for new destinations to appeal to its markets (particularly repeat cruisers) and Barbados has the added disadvantage of being one of the oldest cruise destinations in the Caribbean. Of particular interest is the approach Barbados took in developing its cruise strategy. While cruise passenger arrivals declined in 2006, some believe that the partnership approach Barbados took in developing the cruise strategy helped to avoid an even greater decline. The key theme in the Barbados cruise strategy approach was a consultative and partnership oriented relationship with the cruise industry. ... Barbados went into the strategy with a conviction that the cruise industry was good for the country and that management and shaping of its benefits to complement Barbados' expectations for tourism sector benefits was the objective. With the cooperation of the cruise industry, Barbados undertook the following consultations as part of its cruise strategy development: - Interviews with cruise line executives, those responsible for itinerary development, cruise ship directors and tourism industry representatives in Barbados; - Surveys of cruise ship passengers and crew. Some of the key findings shaping the resulting cruise tourism strategy are described below. The following are excerpts from the 2006 Cruise Tourism Report prepared by ARA Consulting Group for the Barbados Tourism Development Programme and report on surveys conducted in 2006. From the point of view of cruise line executives, Barbados gets generally high markets. It enjoys very good market recognition, is well known, gets good reviews from passengers, provides good ground tours, and is above average in terms of safety. It has a good image, a high profile, and is considered a good traditional destination. It has potential for attracting up-market cruise passengers for high quality shore excursions like nature tourism, heritage tourism, golf, and similar activities. The cruise lines believed that services provided by the Barbados Port Authority are more than adequate and that the current cost structure is acceptable, although there is concern about cost increases. In general, they have little concern with congestion problems except for the typical mid-week situation when more than one or two large ships arrive. They were Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-11787536796873228752019-11-20T05:17:00.001-08:002019-11-20T05:17:05.045-08:00Should the United States Return to a Gold Standard EssayShould the United States Return to a Gold Standard - Essay Example A gold standard system would make it more difficult for the government and Federal Reserve to implement monetary policies. A gold standard system prevents the government firm minting currency notes and coins that can it can endorse. This means that when there is increased demand for cash, the government cannot supply. As a result, the economy goes through reduced growth and more inflation as the value of paper money skyrockets.A gold standard system means the United States is neglecting its ongoing soaring currency rates and distribution problems instead of offering a solution. In a period of economic turmoil, the government and its people should not focus on future likelihoods of forex and currency techniques. Instead, Americans ought to use every tool in the economic and academic arsenal to solve high jobless rates, the piling national debt, nonrenewable sources of energy, and corresponding environmental crises.A gold standard means the government lacks influence over the economy. The government currently prints paper money and mints coins, which is good for an era of intermittent economic crises. This role shows the government can make an effort towards restoring an economy and actually stimulate it. These efforts are reactionary activities that can reinstate the value of the dollar during an economic depression. In a gold standard, the government cannot restore the economy. This means that when a gold standard economy is in a meltdown, the government cannot make any decisions towards improving this economy. Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-54300650203543609122019-11-17T17:48:00.001-08:002019-11-17T17:48:08.558-08:00Comparative Analysis Essay Example for Free Comparative Analysis Essay Abstract We are in what is known at the Information Era. The Information Era is the ability to exchange information in a manner that is effective and efficient. Information is important to the way we do things. It gives instructions on what to do and how to do it. There are many different genres of communications. They all provide different information in different situations In todayââ¬â¢s society, there are a number of different communication genres. Each communication genre is meant to provide certain information to a certain group of people. In this paper, I will discuss five different communications genres. I compare rules and regulations, policy handbook, policy manual, policy guide and policy memorandum. I will discuss the similarities and difference in each genre, discourse conventions used. Genre is the means by which communications are sent out. ââ¬Å"Genres are categories or forms into which documents and websites are grouped together based on written and visual characteristics they have in common, and which readers associate with them. Genres are valuable because their predictable forms and consistency aid in reading comprehension and efficiency. Genres help readers grasp information quickly and effectively. â⬠(Allison and Williams 2008). Each of the genres that I will discuss relates to rules, policies and procedures specific to different events. The first is rules and regulations. Rules and regulations is a principle that regulates or controls conduct. Rules and regulations are most often used for sports or contests. Rules and regulations are used by referees (in sporting events), players, as well as fans. Next, there is the policy handbook. A policy handbook is usually a set of rules and regulations provided to an employee of company or to students enrolled in school. The policy handbook provides information on things such as an attendance policy, compensation and pay, drug and alcohol policy, leaves of absence, etc. Next there is the policy manual is more detailed than a policy handbook. The policy manual includes procedures and instructions on completing particular tasks. For instance, a policy manual would give an employee the instructions on providing technical support for a computer malfunction. Other forms of communications genres are policy guide and policy memorandum. A policy guide is a document that contains the current policies and guidelines of an organization. This document is also used for the internal employees of an organization or company. Finally there is a policy memorandum. A policy memorandum informs employees or even customers of an organization of changes to current policies. The policy memorandum will let you know what the policy is, the changes that were made to the policy and when the change will take effect. Each of these genres is similar in that they all provide direction, rules and regulations to certain events or jobs. The discourse conventions used in each of these documents are very similar. Each genre can be used in any one field or even multiples fields. Most of the genres that have been discussed are intended for internal use. Rules and regulations, policy handbook, policy manual, and policy guide are generally used by employees or a company or organization. They detail internal regulations and policies. The information contained in these documents will be more technical and important to how the company is run. This information in most cases will not affect external users. Policy memorandum is a document that may be important to both internal and external users. References Allison, Libby. , Williams, F. Miriam (2008). Writing for the Government http://www. jpkf. org/JPKF-Policy-Guide/index. htm http://wilcoxen. maxwell. insightworks. com/pages/275. html Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2051011935750633034.post-29520878635329234672019-11-15T06:20:00.001-08:002019-11-15T06:20:14.170-08:00Perceptions of Reproductive Health in Muslim UndergradsPerceptions of Reproductive Health in Muslim Undergrads A MULTIDIMENSIONAL CONSTRUCT OF PERCEPTIONS ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AMONG MUSLIM UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS Abstract This study examines factors influencing undergraduate students who are all Muslims from one of the public universities in Malaysia. Data were obtained from a survey conducted among the undergraduate students (n=255). Principle Components Analysis (PCA) revealed four latent factors: the electronic and printed media, knowledge of circumcision, the Islamic values on sexuality and their prior knowledge of sexual act. Based on the views of the respondents on the roles played by curriculum, religion and media in disseminating knowledge on sex-related matters, recommendations are drawn to assist the relevant parties in coming up with comprehensive sexuality education for Muslim adolescents. Key words: sex/sexuality education, reproductive health, undergraduate student, Muslim, perceptions, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) Introduction Studies which have been carried out in Muslim societies on sexual and reproductive health are limited. Many young Muslims are emitted from the learning process to cater the cultural and religious restrictions (Cok, 2000; DeJong et al., 2007; Halstead, 1997; Nurazzura, 2007; Underwood, 2000). Very little is, therefore, known about the factors that influence the Muslim youths on sexual and reproductive health. Several studies in some Muslim countries reported that Muslim youth are not well prepared and educated in sexual and reproductive health due to some contributing factors. (Burazeri et al., 2003; GÃâ"kengin et al., 2003; Mohammad Reza et al.,2006; Nik Suryani et al., 2007; Paruk et al., 2006). Cok (2000) described sex education in Turkey, as similar as many other Muslim countries in the world, as ââ¬Å"there are no sexuality classes, no mention of sexuality in health courses or no sexuality textbook material in Turkish school. Other issues take priority and sexuality education is pushed aside as unimportant and irrelevantâ⬠(p.5). Moreover, he stated that Turkish Muslim adolescents are highly influenced by media especially form Europe and North America. In addition, the study on 2,227 first-and fourth -years students at Ege Univesity, GÃâ"kengin et al. (2003) revealed that knowledge about sexual health and sexuality transmitted diseases is insufficient among their samples. In Albania, Burazeri et al. (2003) reported the mean age at first sexual intercourse 720 undergraduate students in Tirana was 17.9 for men and 18.8 years for woman. They also found positive associations of parental education and income level with sexual activity and consistent use of condoms among Albanian undergraduate students. Mohammad Reza et al. (2006) described the sex education in Iran that cultural sensitivities which may be a factor in young peoples poor knowledge about reproductive health. Furthermore, few programs provide sexuality education to adolescents or enable youth to ask questions and correct misconceptions about reproductive health. Indeed, large numbers of young Iranians lack information about safe sex and about the skills necessary to negotiate and adopt safe sex practices. In their study of 1,385 males aged 15-18 in Tehran about their beliefs and knowledge regarding reproductive health and their engaging in sexual activity, they found that there was a relatively high prevalence of sexual activity and the lack of knowledge regarding STIs and contraceptives pose a significant threat to the sexual and reproductive health of Iranian adolescent males. Hence, they requested programs to provide adolescents with the accurate information and skills to make safe sexual decisions. A study conducted by Nik Suryani et al. (2007) with undergraduate students (n=300) in Malaysia , discovered that, in general, students held a positive view toward sex and sex-related matters; however, their knowledge on sexuality education, sexual and reproductive health matters calls for attention from the relevant authorities. Findings on their sources of information on sexuality education also revealed that more could be done to help them obtain an accurate picture of sex-related matters particularly with the roles played by parents, school, religion and media in disseminating knowledge on sex-related matters. Paruk et al. (2006) presented finding on the influence of religiosity on attitude toward people with HIV/AIDS using 90 South African Muslim university students. They found that higher religiosity was significantly correlated with a more positive attitude to people with HIV. Ojo Bidemi (2008) conducted a study with 520 adolescent of Nigerian students on contemporary clothing habits and sexual behavior of adolescents in the South Western Nigeria. They found that there is no significant difference in the factors influencing adolescents dressing habits and also the fact that there is relationship between clothing habits and their sexual behavior. In Pakistan, Qidwai (2000) surveyed perception among 188 Pakistani young men, who presented to family physicians, at the outpatient department of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, about enjoyment of sexual experiences in women. He found a high prevalence of misconceptions about female sexuality among Pakistani young men. Furthermore, Hennink, Rana, Iqbal (2005) studied on knowledge of personal and sexual development amongst young people in Pakistan. They found that young women typically gain information from a limited number of sources while young men accessed a wide variety of information sources outside the home. From studies done in various Muslim countries, however, there is not enough information on factors influencing the basic sexual and reproductive health among Muslim undergraduate student as well as in other developing countries (Singh, Bankole Woog, 2005). Intervention studies are largely absent. There is a need therefore to determine factors associated with Muslims sexual perception to develop a clear understanding in student variables, the results of which may contribute to help students on their knowledge and behavior regarding to sexual and reproductive health and it will help determine best bets for programs for sex education for Muslim youths. The purpose of this study was to survey Muslim undergraduate students perceptions in sexual and reproductive health, and in doing so, to clarify the meaning of the construct itself. Thus, the study addressed the following research questions: What are the factors influencing Muslim undergraduate students perceptions towards sexual and reproductive health? This study is based on the crossed different populations and geographic regions influencing factor adolescent on sexual and reproductive health studied by Manlove et al. (2001). They pointed out that there are multiple domains in an adolescents life associated with reproductive health outcomes. By grounded on the ecological approach, individual factor, family factor, peers, partners, school context, neighborhood, community, and social policy characteristics are all associated with sexual behaviors, adolescent pregnancy, and STI. However, this study only looked at certain dimensions which comprised (1) individual factor (religiosity, knowledge of reproductive health and attitudes and belief about sex); (2) school context (curriculum); and, (3) media. The authors, therefore, hypothesized that there are four influencing factors of undergraduate Muslim students perception on sexual and reproductive health: (1) school and tertiary curriculum support, (2) Islamic values on sexuality, (3) electronic and printed media, and (4) students prior knowledge on sexual and reproduction health. Significance of Study Results of this study are pictured to provide empirical data on factors influencing perception on sexual and reproductive health among Muslim undergraduate students that have not been fully studied. Thus, the results of this study are expected to help in the understanding of students perception towards sexual and reproductive health and sex education which is promoted by several factors. The findings are beneficial to understand and determine the success or failure of factors influence and the implementation of sex education in Islamic higher learning institute as perceived by students. Such information can help to improve the strategy in order to accomplish the sex education particularly for Muslim youths. Method Research design In this study, the survey method was employed. A questionnaire was selected from Nik Suryani et al. (2007) measured these relationships. It consisted of two parts. The questionnaires were distributed randomly to a sample of undergraduate in the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Population and sample The population is the undergraduate students in IIUM, Gombak campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. All were Malaysians. A random sampling was used to select participants. The principle component analysis (PCA) was conducted where the number of sample depends on the items of the questionnaire. Since the number of the item is 40, the minimum sample size is 40 x 5 = 200 participants. In this study, the participants were 255 which were more than the minimum requirement (Hair et al., 2006). Data Collection To distribute the questionnaires, researchers sought help from three students which researchers have known. The questionnaire has an attached covering letter that assures the confidentially of data collected and describes the major components of questionnaires to be completed. Students were given one week to complete the questionnaires and had to return them to the assigned persons within the time allocated. The usable returned response rate was 72.9 % (n=255) out of 350 students. The data collected was operated on January 2008. Validity and Reliability To establish the face and construct validity of the instrument, the opinions of two experts in education were sought on the design and items used for the various dimension. The instrument was pilot tested on 30 students that was not on the list of the selected students. Based on the pilot test, 50 items from Nik Suryani et al. (2007) was tested and a few items were omitted in order to refine the instrument further. Finally, 40 items were confirmed with a reliability of Alpha Cronbach = .72. Instrumentation The survey instrument was adopted from a core questionnaire developed by Nik Suryani et al. (2007). The questionnaire comprised 40 questions divided into two sections: social and demographic variables and students views and knowledge on a wide range of topics on sex and attitudes towards sex. It sought to find out students perceptions on: (1) school and tertiary curriculum (5 items; no.1-5); (2) Islamic values on sexuality (6 items; no.6-11); (3) electronic and printed media (4 items; no.12-15): (4) sexual novel (4 items; no.16-19): (5) their prior knowledge of sexual and reproductive health 5.1 protected sex (6items; no.20-25): 5.2 sexual act (9 items; no.26-34): 5.3 circumcisions (9 items; no.35-40). The response to each item is in the form of a five-point Likert scale of ââ¬Å"strongly disagree, ââ¬Å"disagreeâ⬠, ââ¬Å"undecidedâ⬠, ââ¬Å"agreeâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"strongly agreeâ⬠. The demographic characteristic of the first section of the questionnaire contains questions with regard to the respondents background information (gender, age, country of origin, former school and location, faculty, year of study, CGPA, and marital status). Data analysis For the demographic data, frequency and percentage were employed. To answer the research question on factors influencing students perceptions of sexual and reproductive health, principle component analysis was utilized. An explanatory factor analysis was conducted to construct-validate the factor influencing students perception. To find out the number of factors the following rules were used: (1) the Kaisers rule of 1.0 as the minimum eigenvalues, (2) the scree test and (3) the interpretability of the solutions. The degree of intercorrelation among items justified the application of the factor analysis as well as the Batletts test of sphericity recorded a Chi square value. Results Table 1 shows out of 255 students, 152 (59.6%) were females and 101 (39.6%) were males. A majority of the students (91.4%) were between 20 and 25 years of age, the remaining being distributed between the age group of younger than 20 (7.4%) and older than 25 (1.2%). Approximately, 239 (93.7%) of the respondents were Malaysians while 16 (6.3%) were international students. Most of students (37.2%) graduated from urban day school, followed by religious school (27.1%), boarding school (16.5%), rural day school (9.0%), private school (5.9%), and others (1.9%). The respondents were represented from different faculty with nearly half (42.4%) being law students (AIKOL). The other half was distributed between Human Sciences (24.3%), KENMS (11.8%), ENGINEERING (7.1%), KAED (5.5%), INSTED (3.9%), KICT (2.7%), and IRK (2.4%) respectively. Majority of students were second year student (32.5%), the remaining being almost distributed between the final year (29.8%), the first year (21.2%), and the third year (16.5%). In general, almost more than half of the students (49.4%) had CGPA more than 3.0, while the rest (28.7%) had less than 3.0. Almost 95.7% students were single which 131 (53.7%) were not attached to someone and 110 (45.1%) were having attached to someone, only 11 (4.3%) students were married. Table 1 Respondents Demographic Background Variables N Percent 1. Gender: Male 101 39.6 Female 152 59.6 Missing Value 2 0.8 2.Age 19 7.4 20-25 233 91.4 >25 3 1.2 3.Country of Origin Malaysian (local student) 239 93.7 Non-Malaysian (international student) 16 6.3 4. Former School and Location Urban Day School 95 37.2 Rural Day School 23 9.0 Boarding School 42 16.5 Religious School 69 27.1 Private School 15 5.9 Others 6 2.4 Missing values 5 1.9 5. Faculty Information and Communication Technology (KICT) 7 2.7 Engineering 18 7.1 Laws (AIKOL) 108 42.4 Human Sciences (HS) 62 24.3 Islamic Revealed Knowledge (IRK) 6 2.3 Institute of Education (INSTEAD) 10 3.9 Economics and Management Sciences (KENMS) 30 11.8 Architecture and Environmental Design ( KAED) 14 5.5 6. Year of study 1st year 54 21.2 2nd year 83 32.5 3rd year 42 16.5 4th year 76 29.8 5. CGPA 1 0.4 2.00-2.49 11 4.4 2.50-2.99 61 23.9 3.00-3.49 102 40 >3.50 24 9.4 Missing Value 56 21.9 6. Marital status Single 244 95.7 Single and have attached to someone 110 45.1 Single and have not attached to someone 131 53.7 Missing Value 3 1.2 Married 11 4.3 n = 255 Perceptions toward Sexual and Reproductive Health Table 2 summarizes the results of the descriptive analysis of the students perceptions on sexual and reproductive health. The data showed that the mean scores ranged between 1.83 (items PRO23) and 4.57 (items REL10); the standard deviations ranged from .66 (items SEX34) to 1.18 (items PRO23). The mean scores were located within the expected range (none of the items are included a mean score of zero, at 95 % level of confidence, with a reliability of Alpha Cronbach = .72). The data showed that the dispersion of the scores for each item sufficiently discriminated the students perceptions. In addition, the degree of bivariate correlation among most of the 40 items matric variables ranged from low to high. However six of them (items EDU1, EDU2, PRO24, SEX28, SEX31, and CIR39) were found to link weakly and negatively with the rest of the items. Table 2 Mean (Standard Deviation) and Item-Total Correlations of Students Perceptions on Sexual and Reproductive Health Items Code M SD r 1. The content of information on sexual related matters taught at school is sufficient. EDU1 2.95 1.157 .081 2. Courses like Family Management and Parenting at undergraduate level should openly discuss sexual and reproductive health matters. EDU2 4.11 .876 .023 3. Sexual education should be taught as subject of its own at secondary schools. EDU3 3.28 1.176 .227 4. Sexual education should be taught as a separate subject at the tertiary level. EDU4 3.60 1.043 .195 5. Sexual education should be taught in pre-marital courses. EDU5 4.38 .686 .176 6. Quran provides me with information on sexuality in a decent manner. REL6 4.38 .789 .239 7. My religious knowledge provides basis for me to develop the conscience not to engage in premarital sex REL7 4.52 .728 .192 8. Religion helps me suppress my sexual desire. REL8 4.26 .847 .237 9. Fasting is one of the best ways to keep my sexual desire under control. REL9 4.31 .910 .327 10. Watching pornography is forbidden in Islam. REL10 4.57 .767 .303 11. The only way to eliminate illicit sex is by implementing the Syariah Law. REL11 4.19 .922 .389 12. Electronic media portrays negative perception of sexuality. MED12 3.70 1.079 .339 13. Printed media portrays negative perception of sexuality. MED13 3.65 1.075 .372 14. Electronic media leads young people to embark on pre-marital sexual relationship. MED14 4.10 .927 .357 15. Printed media leads young people to embark on pre-marital sexual relationship. MED15 3.94 .987 .412 16. Reading sexy novels leads people to having pre-marital sex. NOV16 3.42 1.036 .354 17. Novels are most descriptive about sexual intercourses than other sources. NOV17 2.98 1.072 .350 18. Novels with sexual descriptions increase my desire to masturbate. NOV18 2.69 1.107 .324 19. Novels with sexual descriptions increase my sexual fantasies. NOV19 2.95 1.093 .268 20. There is fertility problem if pregnancy does not occur in the first year of marriage. PRO20 2.52 .972 .218 21. Unprotected sexual intercourse will guarantee pregnancy. PRO21 3.32 1.175 .339 22. Protected intercourse guarantee pregnancy wont occur. PRO22 2.70 1.085 .235 23. Kissing and touching can lead to pregnancy. PRO23 1.83 1.177 .153 24. The use of contraceptives or protected sex ensures safety from sexually related diseases. PRO24 3.41 .996 .069 25. Islam forbids the use of contraceptives. PRO25 2.87 1.010 .169 26. Preservation of virginity is most important for both men and women before getting married. SEX26 4.53 .781 .125 27. Sex is painful for first timers. SEX27 3.44 .933 .100 28. Sex is painful for women. SEX28 3.22 .886 .069 29. Sex is pleasurable to both men and women. SEX29 4.04 .853 .162 30. Only matured people enjoy sexual relationship. SEX30 2.88 1.088 .100 31. Sexual relationship is for young people only. SEX31 1.91 .909 -.057 32. Good Communication between spouses ensures satisfying sexual relationship. SEX32 4.32 .839 .100 33. Knowledge about sex is a pre requisite for enjoying sex. SEX33 4.05 .876 .246 34. Understanding between each others needs help improve sexual satisfaction. SEX34 4.39 .660 .168 35. Circumcision is mainly for health reasons. CIR35 3.93 1.090 .192 36. Circumcision is for cultural reasons. CIR36 2.43 1.033 .189 37. Circumcision for women reduces sexual satisfaction. CIR37 2.89 .935 .116 38. Circumcision for women represses their sexual desires. CIR38 2.96 .856 .235 39. Circumcision for men reduces sexual satisfaction. CIR39 2.59 .977 .076 40. Circumcision for men represses their sexual desires. CIR40 2.92 .969 .105 The Underlying Dimensions of Students Perceptions To identify the factors that influence undergraduate Muslim students response toward sexual and reproductive health, the data collected from the sample of 255 respondents were subjected to principal component analysis. Nevertheless, the present analysis used only the responses on the 34 of the 40 items (Table 3). Based on the results of item analysis as described in the preceding section, 6 of the items (items EDU1, EDU2, PRO24, SEX28, SEX31, and CIR39) were excluded because they were behaving poorly in the item-total correlation. Table 3 summarizes the correlations among the 34 items supported the use of principal component analysis. Specifically, the Bartlett Sphericity Test yielded statistically significant intercorrelation c2 (561) = 2525.854, p = .001 with an overall MSA of .65, which exceeded the value of .60. Thus, the data matrix has sufficient correlation to justify the use of the exploratory factor analysis. The principal component analysis yielded a seven -factor dimension structure, accounting for 60.69% of the variance. This indicates that four underlying dimensions explain more than 60% of the variance among the 34 variables. The eigenvalues, ranging from 1.616 to 3.0622 (which is greater than 1 as required), satisfied the standards of important factors as prescribed by Hair, Jr. et al. (2006). Table 3 Correlation Matrix and Descriptive Statistic EDU3 EDU4 EDU5 REL6 REL7 REL8 REL9 REL10 REL11 MED12 MED13 MED14 MED15 NOV16 NOV17 NOV18 NOV19 PRO20 PRO21 PRO22 PRO23 PRO25 SEX26 SEX27 SEX29 SEX30 SEX32 SEX33 SEX34 CIR35 CIR36 CIR37 CIR38 CIR40 EDU3 .548 EDU4 -.284 .557 EDU5 -.134 -.128 .747 REL6 .051 -.046 -.085 .769 REL7 -.021 .017 -.107 -.385 .735 REL8 .061 -.006 .027 -.125 -.233 .724 REL9 -.052 .028 -.011 -.130 -.104 -.210 .771 REL10 .015 -.084 -.110 -.084 -.023 -.234 -.002 .742 REL11 .007 .040 -.099 .027 -.140 .031 -.194 -.153 .782 MED12 .062 .071 .045 -.034 .068 .107 -.062 -.183 -.005 .669 MED13 -.162 -.074 .029 -.025 -.014 -.082 .046 .100 -.202 -.784 .666 MED14 .046 .052 -.088 .045 -.021 .080 .110 -.118 .071 .005 -.172 .664 MED15 -.032 -.025 .017 .003 .001 -.124 -.044 .120 -.113 -.074 .052 -.763 .688 NOV16 .162 -.022 .047 -.145 .047 .001 -.010 -.069 -.191 .020 .072 -.138 -.034 .757 NOV17 -.020 -.056 .094 .046 .028 .017 -.174 .000 .125 .028 -.029 .045 -.141 -.328 .713 NOV18 -.034 .113 -.078 -.017 -.081 .124 -.030 -.024 .209 -.019 -.076 .141 -.089 -.188 -.191 .591 NOV19 .085 -.105 -.101 .183 -.018 -.168 .126 .040 -.053 -.004 -.012 -.011 .013 -.001 -.047 -.663 .588 PRO20 -.106 .172 .097 -.095 .194 -.099 .024 -.007 -.015 -.018 -.118 -.040 .033 -.075 .118 .036 -.051 .630 PRO21 .032 -.077 -.059 .056 -.056 .056 -.098 .072 -.002 .006 -.031 .051 -.044 -.124 .065 -.090 .049 -.093 .610 PRO22 -.055 -.041 .006 -.023 -.001 .022 -.140 .004 -.097 -.053 .109 .067 -.031 .108 -.111 -.081 .059 -.147 -.290 .485 PRO23 -.120 .028 .054 -.017 .112 -.070 .003 .149 -.198 -.060 .040 -.141 .111 .042 -.050 -.087 .012 .010 -.045 -.196 .619 PRO25 .088 -.126 .092 -.052 .056 .126 -.134 -.206 .005 .114 -.030 -.028 -.017 -.015 .002 .025 -.096 -.120 -.169 .099 -.126 .490 SEX26 .004 -.041 .071 -.092 -.141 .034 -.010 -.063 -.056 -.031 .023 -.049 .067 .080 -.175 .047 .036 -.006 -.204 .086 .101 .057 .671 SEX27 .079 .083 -.093 .080 -.078 -.056 .098 .135 -.107 .051 -.024 -.100 .015 .098 .074 -.135 .085 .026 .196 -.244 .092 -.128 -.197 .319 SEX29 -.085 -.058 -.089 -.088 .013 -.091 .011 -.055 .033 -.086 .153 .029 -.007 .048 -.105 .135 -.199 -.211 -.196 .120 .069 .111 .114 -.195 .572 SEX30 -.023 .064 -.009 -.090 .118 .029 -.161 -.055 .048 -.006 .000 -.110 .075 -.117 -.027 .114 -.097 -.009 .011 -.001 .036 .092 .101 -.143 .147 .536 SEX32 -.243 .095 .094 -.039 .066 -.068 -.006 .074 -.018 -.148 .127 -.028 .018 .047 -.001 -.043 -.004 .231 -.038 .114 .041 -.106 -.040 -.103 -.054 .089 .640 SEX33 -.023 .060 .014 .163 -.195 .084 -.110 -.149 .058 .090 -.043 .062 -.055 -.124 -.088 .088 -.092 -.192 .057 .133 -.119 .097 -.036 -.040 .056 -.046 -.193 .570 SEX34 .127 -.132 -.039 -.139 .173 -.044 .020 .067 -.049 .105 -.085 -.076 .025 .064 .193 -.167 .075 .158 .006 -.155 .072 .032 -.058 .123 -.256 -.054 -.333 -.463 .555 CIR35 -.103 .093 .052 -.006 .018 .025 -.115 -.101 -.075 -.026 .058 -.053 .056 .011 -.026 -.020 -.012 .065 -.052 .054 .038 -.065 -.104 -.074 .019 .018 .053 .128 -.237 .600 CIR36 .003 -.139 .060 -.085 .159 -.147 .181 .069 -.084 .015 .045 -.014 .021 .025 -.197 -.173 .174 -.052 -.137 .084 .010 -.068 .108 -.114 .020 -.026 .032 -.170 .133 -.113 .613 CIR37 -.145 .013 .021 .044 -.011 .168 -.081 .037 .072 -.034 .015 -.086 .068 -.157 .067 .104 -.121 .003 .126 Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02745282108390517540noreply@blogger.com0