The True Story of Sweeny Todd Essays -- Biography

The True Story of Sweeney Todd Sweeney Todd was born on October 16, 1756. (Knowledge of London. 2004) The where a bout’s of where he was originally born were somewhere in the fetid East End of London but some say at 85 Brick Lane in London’s East End. Todd was the son of Elizabeth and Samuel Todd. Elizabeth Todd’s mother was a silk winder and Todd’s father Samuel was a silk weaver. His parents were in a business together but came with very little compensation. When Todd was 12 years old both of his parents died in a tragic accident that no one is quite sure of. Todd was then sent to an orphanage. There he became an apprentice to a cutler named John Crook. (Knowledge of London. 2004) In two years’ time when Todd was only 14 years old he was arrested for stealing a pocket watch. He went to Newgate Prison for five years. There in prison he met an old barber named Elmer Plummer. Plummer taught Sweeney how to cut hair, shave, and pick pocket costumers. (Knowledge of London. 2004) While Sweeney was waiting to be set free he thought with these new obtained skills he could make a little money from his fellow inmates. Sweeney and Plummer teamed up with one another and began shaving and cutting some of the prisoner’s hair who could afford it. (Knowledge of London. 2004) When Todd was released from prison he found work as a â€Å"flying barber†. (Richard Jones.Feb 21, 2004) He found this job unfulfilling and wanted to be his own boss so on an afternoon stroll he settled on this premises next to the St. Dunstan’s Church and a bakery. Sweeney Todd decided to buy the premises as his business and his home. He opened his Barber Shop at 186 Fleet Street in 1775. Todd met the baker, Mrs. Lovett, who was right next door to him and they became lover... ...y Sir Richard Blunt said sea-fairing men were disappearing from Todd’s shop. In the end Todd was accused of one murder that of Francis Thornhill. A pawnbroker’s clerk recognized Mr. Thornhill’s pearls when Todd was trying to pawn them. Todd and Mrs. Lovett were arrested in 1801. (The Independent. Jan. 3, 2006) After their arrests there was an investigation done on the basement and there the police found the piled up bones in the Weston family vault. Todd killed an estimate of 160 people in a 17 year time period. Todd was found guilty in ten minutes after the jury heard about the amount of bones found in the Weston family vault. Mrs. Lovett committed suicide while in prison. (The Independent. Jan. 3, 2006) Sweeney Todd was hanged at age 45 on January 25, 1802. His hanging was at the Newgate Prison in front of the largest recorded crowd of over a thousand people. The True Story of Sweeny Todd Essays -- Biography The True Story of Sweeney Todd Sweeney Todd was born on October 16, 1756. (Knowledge of London. 2004) The where a bout’s of where he was originally born were somewhere in the fetid East End of London but some say at 85 Brick Lane in London’s East End. Todd was the son of Elizabeth and Samuel Todd. Elizabeth Todd’s mother was a silk winder and Todd’s father Samuel was a silk weaver. His parents were in a business together but came with very little compensation. When Todd was 12 years old both of his parents died in a tragic accident that no one is quite sure of. Todd was then sent to an orphanage. There he became an apprentice to a cutler named John Crook. (Knowledge of London. 2004) In two years’ time when Todd was only 14 years old he was arrested for stealing a pocket watch. He went to Newgate Prison for five years. There in prison he met an old barber named Elmer Plummer. Plummer taught Sweeney how to cut hair, shave, and pick pocket costumers. (Knowledge of London. 2004) While Sweeney was waiting to be set free he thought with these new obtained skills he could make a little money from his fellow inmates. Sweeney and Plummer teamed up with one another and began shaving and cutting some of the prisoner’s hair who could afford it. (Knowledge of London. 2004) When Todd was released from prison he found work as a â€Å"flying barber†. (Richard Jones.Feb 21, 2004) He found this job unfulfilling and wanted to be his own boss so on an afternoon stroll he settled on this premises next to the St. Dunstan’s Church and a bakery. Sweeney Todd decided to buy the premises as his business and his home. He opened his Barber Shop at 186 Fleet Street in 1775. Todd met the baker, Mrs. Lovett, who was right next door to him and they became lover... ...y Sir Richard Blunt said sea-fairing men were disappearing from Todd’s shop. In the end Todd was accused of one murder that of Francis Thornhill. A pawnbroker’s clerk recognized Mr. Thornhill’s pearls when Todd was trying to pawn them. Todd and Mrs. Lovett were arrested in 1801. (The Independent. Jan. 3, 2006) After their arrests there was an investigation done on the basement and there the police found the piled up bones in the Weston family vault. Todd killed an estimate of 160 people in a 17 year time period. Todd was found guilty in ten minutes after the jury heard about the amount of bones found in the Weston family vault. Mrs. Lovett committed suicide while in prison. (The Independent. Jan. 3, 2006) Sweeney Todd was hanged at age 45 on January 25, 1802. His hanging was at the Newgate Prison in front of the largest recorded crowd of over a thousand people.

Pauline Ethics Essay

1.Why is it necessary that actions proceed from moral and spiritual vision? It is necessary that actions proceed from moral and spiritual vision because the attainment or accomplishment of our vision or goals is when we will be able to put it into action. What is in hearts and minds must be seen through our actions because grace to Apostle Paul work in the inside out. Like Apostle Paul, his ethical teaching flows from a moral vision. For him, to be a Christian is to able to do God’s will. To know the Christian codes of right conduct and behavior, we must have the moral capacity to act on them. In short, if one has moral character then one will act morally. In Colossians 3:1-2, Paul said that â€Å"Since, then, you have been raised with Christ, set your hearts on things above, where Christ is seated at the right hand of God. Set your minds on things above, not on earthly things.† If we are seeking after the exalted Lord Jesus Christ then it envisions our practical pursui t of spiritual goals. Then to set our minds on things above, emphasizes that we have the spiritual capacity to accomplish those spiritual goals. For example, one of my moral visions is to be more patient enough or to control my being hot tempered against unreasonable people. In order to attain this goal of mine then I have to pray for them to become matured enough and also ask God to give me wisdom in dealing with them especially in giving responses, reactions or comments to what they say. Further, I have to befriend them and try to reach out with their needs. All these moral and spiritual visions will be accomplished through our actions since we participated in the death and resurrection of Christ; we are now being transformed into new person by God’s grace. 2. How do the virtues of Faith, Hope and Love affect the practice and conduct of your own particular profession? These three virtues affect the practice and conduct of my profession in such a way that as a Social Worker I am committed to help the less fortunate people or people who are deprived from their own rights (esp. the indigent) in the upliftment of their lives. Because of my faith that God will never leave us nor forsake us (Hebrews 13:5) and that He will provide all our needs according to glorious riches in Christ Jesus (Phil. 4:19) then I have to keep going, not to be discouraged in helping these clients. This virtue of faith drives me to hope that someday, somehow, these less fortunate people will rise from their present situation and be able to exercise their right and duties as citizenry of our country. Also to pursue my commitment, I have the duty to love these people as Jesus loved me unconditionally. There are times that it’s not easy to love especially if I encounter rude people but to be able practice my faith, I ought to do so. 3.How would you foster ethical/moral values in the following realities? a.Consumerism – buying only what I need (want vs. need). By being practical and maximizing my resources to the fullest. Also when buying something, do not be brand conscious but focus on the usefulness of that thing. b.Mundane and Profane tendencies – not to conform to the pattern or evil desires of this world but be transformed by the renewing of your mind†¦ (Romans 12:2) even if it is the trend. To stand out against the world. c.Relativism – by respecting one’s faith and beliefs. Also being open to the perspective of others not to be so closed with what I know and how I understands different things in life but be willing to share or exchange with one’s opinion and ideas. d.Technological Dependence – for me by choosing only what is applicable to my need and demand of times. Personal relationship should not be sacrificed just because of this high technology. e.Economic Scarcity – being resourceful and practical and maximizing the full potential of such – (Principle of supply and demand). For example, there was food scarcity in a certain area because of typhoon devastation. Relief goods were distributed and so there were crowd falling in line. In this case, I would give priority to senior citizens, the sick, pregnant and the handicapped, though all of them have equal need. 4.How do you exercise your particular profession in the perspective of the following Christian Gifts (Romans 12:4-11)? a.Prophecy – For me, when I was in the National Irrigation Administration as Irrigator’ Development Officer, I do a lot of field work, meetings, and trainings. I always inject the word of God in giving opening prayers in the conduct of meetings and trainings. Even when I do home visitations, during informal sessions with my clients I inspire them with the words of God especially when they open-up their problems and difficulties in life. In that way, I know I was able to exercise this gift of prophesy. b. Practical Service – When I perform my duties and responsibilities, I do it with all my heart not to please my boss or co-worker but to please God. Since we have a multi-task function in the office before, even cleaning the comfort rooms, (when our janitor retires and our office did not hire anymore instead we are task to do additional janitorial works) I do it with gladness. I told myself that this will not degrade my profession because even Jesus washed the feet of His disciples as an example of true humility and service. c.Teaching – In conducting seminars and trainings with the farmers, I think I do exercise this gift God has given in relation to the teaching of Christ. Like for instance, one the principles that we emphasize with our farmer clientele is the principle of sharing (e.g. there must proper sharing of irrigation water). This principle is in light with the teaching of our Lord Jesus Christ to share what we have to those who don’t have. I give instruction, rules and regulations as a way of teaching in the attainment of target/desired goals of our agency. d.Encouragement – This gift is attached to my profession I think especially to deal with different kinds of people with different ethical behavior. I need to practice this gift in order for me to attract or influence these farmers in the performance of their duties and responsibilities as partners of irrigation development. To encourage is my â€Å"capital† to become effective IDO. e.Almsgiving – to perform my duties and responsibilities in the office, I am willing to give my time beyond the prescribed office hour (8 hours a day) without expecting a reward or additional compensation. I always stay in the office beyond office hours just to comply with the deadlines reports and other pertinent works or when my superior asked me to do something. f.Position or Authority – whenever I am tasked to do something, for example, assign me to lead or spearhead a particular program/project, I always accept it without hesitation and I have to perform to the best of my ability involving my team in all aspects of the project because I believed that team approach is more effective way in accomplishing a particular activity/project. g.Acts of Mercy – in working with my officemates and rendering service with my farmer-clientele, I do it by heart and with joy. I have to enjoy my work so that I will not get burn-out. I still remember when I do field work and do home visitations with the farmer leaders, they even open-up their problems regarding their private life and I do some counseling and offer prayers for them and this developed a closer relationship with them. 5.Why is it necessary to contextualized Pauline Ethics in your own field of expertise? By contextualizing Pauline Ethics in my own field of expertise I can share/bring the â€Å"good news† or the love of God to my clientele. By exercising the seven Christian Gifts and the various codes of Christian conduct, I believe I can help in the transformation of their lives just like what Jesus did for us. And hopefully not only our direct clients will be influenced but their family circle and the whole community as well. A concrete example of this is when I conduct training, imparting to my farmer clientele the value of self-discipline in light of distribution irrigation water, payment of irrigation fees, etc. but it does not end up with the irrigation water alone but relating it to the whole aspect of their lives. I was amazed that I have seen the impact of this with their lives through evaluation and some farmers will give feed-backs on the positive impact of the training in their li ves. 6. Defend or Refute: The transformation of one’s life from vice to virtue, and alienation to reconciliation is the byproduct of grace. I strongly agree that the transformation of one’s life from vice to virtue and alienation to reconciliation is the byproduct of grace. The transformation of our character from negative to positive is not by our own strength. If we want to change and have transformation it’s only by God’s grace. As Apostle Paul writes in 2 Corinthians 12:9, He said to me, â€Å"My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness.† He promised grace for Paul’s pain. It means therefore that in our weaknesses, God’s power is sufficient. Grace simply means God’s help, intervention and strength in our weakness. Our vices or character deficiencies can be replaced with virtues or character assets by trusting God’s grace. By participating in Christ’s work and our confession that He is our Lord and Savior means transformation of our lives so that we can live our lives in accordance to God’s will. We are alienated before because of our sinful nature which we inherited from Adam and Eve, but because God loves us so much, He gave His one and only Son to die on the cross for our sins. So with Christ death on the cross we were being reconciled to God. Ephesians 2:8-9 says, â€Å"For it is by grace you have been saved through faith- and this not from yourselves it is the gift of God- not by works, so that no one can boast.† Our salvation is by God’s grace- gift of God (undeserved gift) through faith but we have to ask (open our hearts and let Christ reign in our lives) so that we will receive this gift of salvation. We cannot earn our own salvation but it’s only by God’s grace! 7. Defend or Refute: To live through commitment and not merely by inspiration means to be faithful to God. Yes I agree to this statement. To be faithful to God means a commitment to live our lives to Him and not merely by inspiration. For Paul when he was converted in Damascus, he started to commit his life to God no matter what the cause maybe. In the practical side of it, to live our lives through commitment is living with a purpose and direction. Once we are committed to do something, we do it consistently, not mechanically but with all our mind and heart having the assurance and certainty that God will be glorified. By doing so it follows the joy and love in performing the act not by force or compulsion. On the other hand, we should not live only by mere inspiration not just to enjoy life and be contented to what will happen. For example, one way to be faithful to God is to pray every day – giving thanks to Him for all the circumstances He brought in my life and entrusting to Him all my concerns and even my future. I should do this consistently and accept whatever God’s response. Another way of my being faithful to God is by giving my tithes and offering regularly. 8. Defend or refute: If one acts on the basis of the responsibility of love, he is free. No. I disagree because love never ceases. Love must continue to be our motivating factor to act. Love will go on eternity for God is love. 1 John 4:8, â€Å"God is love! God is eternal; therefore love is eternal as well. Paul writes, in 1 Corinthians 13:1-3, â€Å"If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I am only a resounding gong or a clanging cymbal†¦ v. 13 â€Å" And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love. We will never be free because we have the debt with our fellowmen and that is the debt to love them regardless of the race, status, physical attributes, etc.

Ajinomoto Co. Inc. essay

Ajinomoto Ajinomoto Co. Inc. is a Japanese food and chemical corporation which produces seasonings, cooking oils, TV dinners, sweeteners, amino acids and pharmaceuticals. In particular it is the world's largest producer of aspartame, with a 40% global market share. When Professor Kikunae Ikeda from the University of Tokyo isolated glutamate from the seaweed and discovered its flavour enhancing properties in 1908. The next year, his discovery was introduced to the market in the form of the flavour enhancer AJI-NO-MOTO.The literal translation of Aji no Moto is â€Å"Essence of Taste,† used as a trademark for the company’s original monosodium glutamate (MSG) product. Thanks to the company's eminent status, its brand has found its way even to notable Asian language dictionaries as a half-synonym for MSG. Ajinomoto (Malaysia) Berhad started its business operations in 1961 as AJI-NO-MOTO ® monosodium glutamate producer. It is also one of the very first Japanese joint-ventur e companies to be set up in this country.Ajinomoto (Malaysia) Berhad has since grown into a dynamic food seasoning manufacturer marketing diverse brand name that is trusted by Malaysian for decades. Our AJI-NO-MOTO ® food seasoning is an indispensable item in almost every Malaysian home. Ajinomoto Group Philosophy We create better lives globally by contributing to significant advances in Food and Health and by working for Life. Ajinomoto Group Way Create New Value Create value with new ideas and continuous innovation based on unique technologies and science. Product value creation bolstered by technology, new dietary proposals) Pioneer Spirit Continue to constantly take on the challenge of creating new businesses and markets. (Adapt to regional culture and market conditions in creating markets) Social Contribution Accommodate social requirements with humility and honesty, with the objective of maximizing value for society through business activities. (Resolve social issues) (Impro ve the global environment) (Security and safety) (Trustworthy production) (Fair, impartial, transparent and simple) Value PeopleRespect the humanity of all the people involved in the Ajinomoto Group's businesses, and be an organisation in which they can grow and display their abilities to the fullest extent. (Provide a workplace where people can flourish) (Career development, support and follow-up) (Fair performance evaluation) (Teamwork) Ajinomoto Group Vision We aim to be â€Å"a group of companies that contributes to human health globally† by continually creating unique value to benefit customers. 1. To become a global group of food companies centered on the world's No. seasoning business. 2. To become a global group of amino science companies that contributes to humankind with the world's No. 1 amino acid technology. 3. To become a group of health-promoting companies with a scientific approach to good taste and health. Ajinomoto(M) Berhad Segment Analysis Ajinomoto (M) Be rhad (Ajinomoto) is a food and chemical corporation that engaged in manufacturing and selling monosodium and other related products. The company is divided into two major segments that publicly report financial reports.The Umami segment (Umami) comprises of products that are derived from the fermentation process such as Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) and related products. The Umami segment accounted for 70. 0% of 2011 sales, making it the largest Ajinomoto's operating segments. The Food and Seasoning segment (FSS) consists of products derived from the extraction and mixing process such as Industrial Seasonings, Tumix and related seasonings. This segment accounted for 29. 82% of Ajinomoto's sales in 2011. Others segment (Others) products sold by the company comprises of trading goods such as industrial sweetener, feed-use amino acid and frozen foods.The segment accounted for 0. 18% of Ajinomoto's sales in 2011. Condensed Statement og Financial Performance 2007-2011 | |2011 |2010 |2009 |2 008 |2007 | |Sales |316,165,220 |284,616,880 |243,838,799 |215,462,459 |190,628,976 | |Net Earning |25,870,244 |23,939,091 |19,072,212 |31,984,464 |18,670,013 |Total Ajinomoto sales increases over the last past years however its profitability has varied. Sales peaked at over RM316 millions in 2011 and has the lowest sales in 2007 at over RM 190 millions. Ajinomoto has yet incurred profit loss over the last five years. Ajinomoto's stock price has been steadily increases from RM1. 95 in 2007 to RM 4. 00 in 2011. Despite the varied profit earning and steadily increases of sales, Ajinomoto has continued to increase gradually from RM0. 79 in 2007 to RM 0. 15 in 2011.This is a clear indication of the importance that Ajinomoto attaches to the informal content associated with dividends: with the increase of sales, dividends will continue to increase. Industrial Analysis Bloomberg and Reuters have classified Ajinomoto as food processing industry sector. This paper will discuss in details Aji nomoto's financial stability compared with other companies in the food processing industry. The Malaysia Food Processing Industry The food industry in Malaysia is as wide as the multi-cultures of Malaysia, with wide range of processed foods with Asian taste.The industry is primarily Malaysian-owned, and estimated the present global retail sales in food products are worth around US$3. 5 trillion. It is expected to grow at annual rate of 4. 8 per cent to US$6. 4 trillion in 2020. The industry has more than 9000 processing factories of which 95% are classified as small-scale. Food processing companies are normally perceived as agro-based industries which have a strong backward linkage. However, in Malaysia, this is not the case as it is estimated that over 70% of raw materials used in the processed food are imported.Therefore, Malaysia is a net importer for food products. Value for imported food increase from RM17. 9 billion in 2005 to RM30. 2 billion in 2010, about RM82 million a day. The increase in 2010 was credited to Malaysia's climate, various economic factors, and higher standard of living. Financial Ratio Analysis Financial ratios for Ajinomoto for food industry are provided as below. The firm in food processing industry subset represent 16% of the total food industry sales of RM1. 972 billion in 2011.    |2011 |2010 |2009 |2008 |2007 | | |Ajinomoto |Food Industry |Ajinomoto | | | | |Amount |Percentages changes | |Other items of income |2,321,549 |4,066,021 |(1,744,472) |-42. % | | | | | | | |Items of expenses | | | | | |Changes in inventories of finished goods, |409,346 |788,248 |(378,902) |-48. % | |work in progress and goods-in-transit | | | | | |Raw materials and packaging consumed |(188,077,870) |(162,076,389) |(26,001,481) |16. 0% | |Finished goods purchased |(7,780,993) |(10,951,068) |3,170,075 |-28. 9% | |Employee benefits expense |(33,496,637) |(31,147,630) |(2,349,007) |7. % | |Depreciation and amortisation |(12,753,094) |(11,627,019) |(1,126, 075) |9. 7% | |Reversal/(impairment) of assets |3,204 |(20,360) |23,564 |-115. 7% | |Other operating expenses |(44,848,503) |(42,772,605) |(2,075,898) |4. % | |Profit before tax |31,942,222 |30,876,078 |1,066,144 |3. 5% | |Income tax expense |(6,071,978) |(6,936,987) |865,009 |-12. 5% | |Profit net of tax, represents total |25,870,244 |23,939,091 |1,931,153 |8. % | |comprehensive income for the financial | | | | | |year | | | | | |Earnings per share attributable to equity | | | | | |holders of the Company (sen) | | | | | |Basic |42. |39. 4 |3. 2 |8. 1% | |Net dividend per share (sen) |15. 75 |15. 00 |0. 75 |5. 0% | Income Statement – 2010 |Income Statement |2010 |2009 |Increase or Decrease During 2010 | | | | |Amount |Percentages changes | |Revenue |284,616,880 |243,838,799 |40,778,081 |16. % | |Other items of income |4,066,021 |4,387,766 |(321,745) |-7. 3% | | | | | | | |Items of expenses | | | | | |Changes in inventories of finished goods, |788,248 |9,219,317 |(8,431,069) | -91. % | |work in progress and goods-in-transit | | | | | |Raw materials and packaging consumed |(162,076,389) |(155,094,975) |(6,981,414) |4. 5% | |Finished goods purchased |(10,951,068) |(8,061,329) |(2,889,739) |35. 8% | |Staff costs |(31,147,630) |(29,049,802) |(2,097,828) |7. % | |Depreciation and amortisation |(11,627,019) |(9,534,228) |(2,092,791) |22. 0% | |Impairment of assets |(20,360) |399,605 |(419,965) |-105. 1% | |Other operating expenses |(42,772,605) |(30,427,115) |(12,345,490) |40. 6% | |Profit before tax |30,876,078 |25,678,038 |5,198,040 |20. % | |Income tax expense |(6,936,987) |(6,605,826) |(331,161) |5. 0% | |Profit for the year |23,939,091 |19,072,212 |4,866,879 |25. 5% | |Earnings per share attributable to equity | | | | | |holders of the Company (sen) | | | | | |Basic |39. |31. 4 |8. 0 |25. 5% | |Net dividend per share (sen) |15. 00 |12. 92 |2. 08 |16. 1% | Income Statement – 2009 |Income Statement |2009 |2008 |Increase or Decrease During 2009 | | | | |Amount |Percentages changes | |Revenue |243,838,799 |215,462,459 |28,376,340 |13. % | |Other items of income |4,387,766 |17,205,836 |(12,818,070) |-74. 5% | | | | | | | |Items of expenses | | | | | |Changes in inventories of finished goods, |9,219,317 |(321,473) |9,540,790 |-2967. % | |work in progress and goods-in-transit | | | | | |Raw materials and packaging consumed |(155,094,975) |(114,201,038) |(40,893,937) |35. 8% | |Finished goods purchased |(8,061,329) |(5,025,774) |(3,035,555) |60. 4% | |Staff costs |(29,049,802) |(27,117,151) |(1,932,651) |7. % | |Depreciation and amortisation |(9,534,228) |(8,740,933) |(793,295) |9. 1% | |Impairment of assets |399,605 |164,220 |235,385 |143. 3% | |Other operating expenses |(30,427,115) |(37,045,175) |6,618,060 |-17. 9% | |Profit before tax |25,678,038 |40,380,971 |(14,702,933) |-36. % | |Income tax expense |(6,605,826) |(8,396,507) |1,790,681 |-21. 3% | |Profit for the year |19,072,212 |31,984,464 |(12,912,252) |-40. 4% | |Earnings per share attributable to equity | | | | | |holders of the Company (sen) | | | | | |Basic |31. 2 |34. |(3. 2) |-9. 3% | |Net dividend per share (sen) |12. 92 |8. 92 |4. 00 |44. 8% | Income Statement – 2008 |Income Statement |2008 |2007 |Increase or Decrease During 2008 | | | | |Amount |Percentages changes | |Revenue |215,462,459 |190,628,976 |24,833,483 |13. % | |Other items of income |17,205,836 |8,044,056 |9,161,780 |113. 9% | | | | | | | |Items of expenses | | | | | |Changes in inventories of finished goods, |(321,473) |(448,494) |127,021 |-28. % | |work in progress and goods-in-transit | | | | | |Raw materials and packaging consumed |(114,201,038) |(103,743,602) |(10,457,436) |10. 1% | |Finished goods purchased |(5,025,774) |(4,871,823) |(153,951) |3. 2% | |Staff costs |(27,117,151) |(25,633,738) |(1,483,413) |5. % | |Depreciation and amortisation |(8,740,933) |(8,661,427) |(79,506) |0. 9% | |Impairment of assets |164,220 |(850,543) |1,014,763 |-119. 3% | |Other operating ex penses |(37,045,175) |(33,433,642) |(3,611,533) |10. 8% | |Profit before tax |40,380,971 |21,029,763 |19,351,208 |92. % | |Income tax expense |(8,396,507) |(2,359,750) |(6,036,757) |255. 8% | |Profit for the year |31,984,464 |18,670,013 |13,314,451 |71. 3% | |Earnings per share attributable to equity | | | | | |holders of the Company (sen) | | | | | |Basic |34. 4 |24. |9. 7 |39. 3% | |Net dividend per share (sen) |8. 92 |7. 90 |1. 02 |12. 9% | Income Statement – 2007 |Income Statement |2007 |2006 |Increase or Decrease During 2007 | | | | |Amount |Percentages changes | |Revenue |190,628,976 |170,592,741 |20,036,235 |10. % | |Other items of income |8,044,056 |1,852,434 |6,191,622 |77. 0% | | | | | | | |Items of expenses | | | | | |Changes in inventories of finished goods, |(448,494) |(2,525,867) |2,077,373 |-463. % | |work in progress and goods-in-transit | | | | | |Raw materials and packaging consumed |(103,743,602) |(90,491,939) |(13,251,663) |12. 8% | |Finished goods purchas ed |(4,871,823) |(5,084,454) |212,631 |-4. 4% | |Staff costs |(25,633,738) |(24,107,966) |(1,525,772) |6. % | |Depreciation and amortisation |(8,661,427) |(10,148,276) |1,486,849 |-17. 2% | |Impairment of assets |(850,543) |(1,145,779) |295,236 |-34. 7% | |Other operating expenses |(33,433,642) |(32,090,000) |(1,343,642) |4. % | |Profit before tax |21,029,763 |6,850,803 |14,178,960 |67. 4% | |Income tax expense |(2,359,750) |(841,246) |(1,518,504) |64. 4% | |Profit for the year |18,670,013 |6,009,557 |12,660,456 |67. % | |Earnings per share attributable to equity | | | | | |holders of the Company (sen) | | | | | |Basic |24. 7 |10. 4 |14. 3 |57. 9% | |Net dividend per share (sen) |7. 90 |7. 90 |0 |0% | Balance Sheet – 2011 Balance Sheet |2011 |2010 |Increase or Decrease During 2011 | | | | |Amount |Percentages changes | |Assets | | | | | |Non-Current Assets | | | | | |Property, plant and equipment |104,358,059 |102,765,733 |1,592,326 |1. % | |Prepaid land lease payments |0 |0 |0 |0. 0% | |Investment in associate |0 |0 |0 |0. 0% | |Other receivables |843,561 |1,061,831 |(218,270) |-20. % | |Investment securities |672,685 |798,813 |(126,128) |-15. 8% | |Other investments |281,000 |281,000 |0 |0. 0% | | |106,155,305 |104,907,377 |1,247,928 |1. % | | | | | | | |Current Assets | | | | | |Inventories |62,802,628 |52,255,273 |10,547,355 |20. 2% | |Trade and other receivables |32,410,933 |26,068,630 |6,342,303 |24. % | |Derivatives |36,263 |0 |36,263 | | |Cash and cash equivalents |68,767,151 |56,354,967 |12,412,184 |22. 0% | | |164,016,975 |134,678,870 |29,338,105 |21. 8% | |Total assets |270,172,280 |239,586,247 |30,586,033 |12. % | | | | | | | |Equity and liabilities | | | | | |Current liabilities | | | | | |Retirement benefit obligations |345,271 |466,710 |(121,439) |-26. % | |Trade and other payables |38,238,679 |24,617,997 |13,620,682 |55. 3% | |Derivatives |2,397 |0 |2,397 | | |Current tax payable |1,589,523 |151,171 |1,438,352 |951. % | | |40,175,870 |25 ,235,878 |14,939,992 |59. 2% | | | | | | | |Non-current liabilities | | | | | |Retirement benefit obligations |5,756,631 |5,295,024 |461,607 |8. % | |Deferred tax liabilities |4,051,039 |4,939,037 |(887,998) |-18. 0% | | |9,807,670 |10,234,061 |(426,391) |-4. 2% | |Total liabilities |49,983,540 |35,469,939 |14,513,601 |40. 9% | |Net assets |220,188,740 |204,116,308 |16,072,432 |7. % | | | | | | | |Equity attributable to equity holders of the | | | | | |company | | | | | |Share capital |60,798,534 |60,798,534 |0 |0. % | |Share premium |4,303,700 |4,303,700 |0 |0. 0% | |Retained earnings |148,553,371 |132,359,068 |16,194,303 |12. 2% | |Other reserves |6,533,135 |6,655,006 |(121,871) |-1. 8% | |Total equity |220,188,740 |204,116,308 |16,072,432 |7. % | |Total equity and liabilities |270,172,280 |239,586,247 |30,586,033 |12. 8% | Balance Sheet – 2010 |Balance Sheet |2010 |2009 |Increase or Decrease During 2010 | | | | |Amount |Percentages changes | |Assets |   |   |   |   | |Non-Current Assets |    |   |   | |Property, plant and equipment |62,661,795 |60,798,913 |1,862,882 |3. 1% | |Prepaid land lease payments |40,103,938 |39,510,974 |592,964 |1. 5% | |Investment in associates |0 |1,348,751 |(1,348,751) |-100. 0% | |Other investments |1,079,813 |1,123,377 |(43,564) |-3. % | |   |103,845,546 |102,782,015 |1,063,531 |1. 0% | |   |   |   |   |   | |Current Assets |   |   |   |   | |Inventories |52,255,273 |46,356,553 |5,898,720 |12. % | |Trade and other receivables |27,130,461 |30,099,502 |(2,969,041) |-9. 9% | |Cash and cash equivalents |56,354,967 |43,221,990 |13,132,977 |30. 4% | |   |135,740,701 |119,678,045 |16,062,656 |13. 4% | |Total assets |239,586,247 |222,460,060 |17,126,187 |7. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Equity and liabilities |   |   |   |   | |Current liabilities |   |   |   |   | |Retirement benefit obligations |466,710 |320,578 |146,132 |45. % | |Trade and other payables |24,617,997 |22,857,239 |1,760,758 |7. 7% | |Current tax payable |151,171 |445,670 |(294,499) |-66. 1% | |   |25,235,878 |23,623,487 |1,612,391 |6. % | | |   |   |   |   | |Non-current liabilities |   |   |   |   | |Retirement benefit obligations |5,295,024 |5,052,251 |242,773 |4. % | |Deferred tax liabilities |4,939,037 |4,487,325 |451,712 |10. 1% | |   |10,234,061 |9,539,576 |694,485 |7. 3% | |Total liabilities |35,469,939 |33,163,063 |2,306,876 |7. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Equity attributable to equity holders of the |   |   |   |   | |company | | | | | |Share capital |60,798,534 |60,798,534 |0 |0. % | |Share premium |4,303,700 |4,303,700 |0 |0. 0% | |Reserves |139,014,074 |124,194,763 |14,819,311 |11. 9% | |Total equity |204,116,308 |189,296,997 |14,819,311 |7. 8% | |Total equity and liabilities |239,586,247 |222,460,060 |17,126,187 |7. 7% | Balance Sheet – 2009 Balance Sheet |2009 |2008 |Increase or Decrease During 2009 | | | | |Amount |Perce ntages changes | |Assets |   |   |   |   | |Non-Current Assets |   |   |   |   | |Property, plant and equipment |60,798,913 47,657,260 |13,141,653 |27. 6% | |Prepaid land lease payments |39,510,974 |40,207,748 |(696,774) |-1. 7% | |Investment in associates |1,348,751 |1,348,751 |0 |0. 0% | |Other investments |1,123,377 |1,252,063 |(128,686) |-10. % | |   |102,782,015 |90,465,822 |12,316,193 |13. 6% | |   |   |   |   |   | |Current Assets |   |   |   |   | |Inventories |46,356,553 |32,383,255 |13,973,298 |43. % | |Trade and other receivables |30,099,502 |27,863,680 |2,235,822 |8. 0% | |Cash and cash equivalents |43,221,990 |66,193,647 |(22,971,657) |-34. 7% | |   |119,678,045 |126,440,582 |(6,762,537) |-5. 3% | |Total assets |222,460,060 |216,906,404 |5,553,656 |2. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Equity and liabilities |   |   |   |   | |Current liabilities |   |   |   |   | |Retirement benefit obligations |320,578 |296, 972 |23,606 |7. % | |Trade and other payables |22,857,239 |28,230,809 |(5,373,570) |-19. 0% | |Current tax payable |445,670 |1,748,521 |(1,302,851) |-74. 5% | |   |23,623,487 |30,276,302 |(6,652,815) |-22. % | |   |   | |   |   | |Non-current liabilities |   |   |   |   | |Retirement benefit obligations |5,052,251 |4,461,628 |25,697 |0. % | |Deferred tax liabilities |4,487,325 |4,088,518 |5,451,058 |133. 3% | |   |9,539,576 |8,550,146 |24,612,917 |287. 9% | |Total liabilities |33,163,063 |38,826,448 |(5,663,385) |-14. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Equity attributable to equity holders of the |   |   |   |   | |company | | | | | |Share capital |60,798,534 |60,798,534 |0 |0. % | |Share premium |4,303,700 |4,303,700 |0 |0. 0% | |Reserves |124,194,763 |112,977,722 |11,217,041 |9. 9% | |Total equity |189,296,997 |178,079,956 |11,217,041 |6. 3% | |Total equity and liabilities |222,460,060 |216,906,404 |5,553,656 |2. 6% | Balance Sheet – 2008 B alance Sheet |2008 |2007 |Increase or Decrease During 2008 | | | | |Amount |Percentages changes | |Assets |   |   |   |   | |Non-Current Assets |   |   |   |   | |Property, plant and equipment |47,657,260 |46,324,751 |1,332,509 |2. 9% | |Prepaid land lease payments |40,207,748 |23,081,794 |17,125,954 |74. 2% | |Investment in associate |1,348,751 |1,348,751 |0 |0. 0% | |Other investments |1,252,063 |1,134,441 |117,622 |10. 4% | |   |90,465,822 |71,889,737 |18,576,085 |25. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Current Assets |   |   |   |   | |Inventories |32,383,255 |25,104,026 |7,279,229 |29. 0% | |Trade and other receivables |27,863,680 |24,590,686 |3,272,994 |13. 3% | |Cash and cash equivalents |66,193,647 |64,193,072 |2,000,575 |3. 1% | |   |126,440,582 |113,887,784 |12,552,798 |11. 0% | |Total assets |216,906,404 |185,777,521 |31,128,883 |16. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Equity and liabilities |   |   |   |   | |Current liabilities |   |   |   |   | |Retirement benefit obligations |296,972 |711,923 |(414,951) |-58. 3% | |Trade and other payables |28,230,809 |25,619,622 |2,611,187 |10. 2% | |Current tax payable |1,748,521 |226,829 |1,521,692 |670. 9% | |   |30,276,302 |26,558,374 |3,717,928 |14. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Non-current liabilities |   |   | |   | |Retirement benefit obligations |4,461,628 |3,822,256 |266,262 |7. 0% | |Deferred tax liabilities |4,088,518 |3,878,168 |4,671,978 |120. 5% | |   |8,550,146 |7,700,424 |31,126,024 |404. 2% | |Total liabilities |38,826,448 |34,258,798 |4,567,650 |13. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Equity attributable to equity holders of the |   |   |   |   | |company | | | | | |Share capital |60,798,534 |60,798,534 |0 |0. 0% | |Share premium |4,303,700 |4,303,700 |0 |0. 0% | |Reserves |112,977,722 |86,416,489 |26,561,233 |30. 7% | |Total equity |178,079,956 |151,518,723 |26,561,233 |17. 5% | |Total equity and liabilities |216,906,40 4 |185,777,521 |31,128,883 |16. 8% | Balance Sheet – 2007 Balance Sheet |2007 |2006 |Increase or Decrease During 2007 | | | | |Amount |Percentages changes | |Assets |   |   |   |   | |Non-Current Assets |   |   |   |   | |Property, plant and equipment |69,406,545 |73,405,024 |(3,998,479) |-5. 4% | |Investment in associate |1,348,751 |1,678,751 |(330,000) |-19. 7% | |Other investments |1,134,441 |1,234,984 |(100,543) |-8. 1% | |   |71,889,737 |76,318,759 |(4,429,022) |-5. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Current Assets |   |   |   |   | |Inventories |25,104,026 |29,511,903 |(4,407,877) |-14. 9% | |Trade and other receivables |24,590,686 |25,197,271 |(606,585) |-2. 4% | |Cash and cash equivalents |64,193,072 |30,450,944 |33,742,128 |110. 8% | |   |113,887,784 |85,160,118 |28,727,666 |33. 7% | |Total assets |185,777,521 |161,478,877 |24,298,644 |15. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Equity and liabilities |   |   |   |   | |Current liab ilities |   |   |   |   | |Retirement benefit obligations |711,923 |444,305 |267,618 |60. 2% | |Trade and other payables |25,619,622 |15,548,449 |10,071,173 |64. 8% | |Current tax payable |226,829 |133,929 |92,900 |69. 4% | |   |26,558,374 |16,126,683 |10,431,691 |64. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Non-current liabilities |   |   |   |   | |Retirement benefit obligations |3,822,256 |3,663,700 |214,468 |5. 9% | |Deferred tax liabilities |3,878,168 |4,048,857 |3,651,567 |90. 2% | |   |7,700,424 |7,712,557 |26,546,241 |344. 2% | |Total liabilities |34,258,798 |23,839,240 |10,419,558 |43. % | |   |   |   |   |   | |Equity attributable to equity holders of the |   |   |   |   | |company | | | | | |Share capital |60,798,534 |60,798,534 |0 |0. 0% | |Share premium |4,303,700 |4,303,700 |0 |0. 0% | |Reserves |86,416,489 |72,537,403 |13,879,086 |19. 1% | |Total equity |151,518,723 |137,639,637 |13,879,086 |10. 1% | |Total equity and liabilities |18 5,777,521 |161,478,877 |24,298,644 |15. % | Reference http://www. barubian. net/2012/02/rm92m-spent-on-imported-food-every-day. html http://www. scribd. com/doc/36423986/Food-Industry-Malaysia http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3723/is_6_15/ai_105043862/ http://thestar. com. my/archives/2006/8/17/IMP3/chapter19. pdf http://www. ifrj. upm. edu. my/19%20(01)%202011/(38)IFRJ-2011-122%20Yodfiatfinda. pdf http://www. mida. gov. my/env3/index. php? page=food-industries http://www. miti. gov. my/cms/content. jsp? id=com. tms. cms. section. Section_63c203a6-c0a8156f-5cff5cff-cbccc275 http://malaysia. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_malaysia/Bilder/Others/Market_Watch_Food_Industry_2011_ENG_. pdf

Boolean Algebra

Basic Engineering Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates F Hamer, M Lavelle & D McMullan The aim of this document is to provide a short, self assessment programme for students who wish to understand the basic techniques of logic gates. c 2005 Email: chamer, mlavelle, [email  protected] ac. uk Last Revision Date: August 31, 2006 Version 1. 0 Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Logic Gates (Introduction) Truth Tables Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra Boolean Algebra Final Quiz Solutions to Exercises Solutions to QuizzesThe full range of these packages and some instructions, should they be required, can be obtained from our web page Mathematics Support Materials. Section 1: Logic Gates (Introduction) 3 1. Logic Gates (Introduction) The package Truth Tables and Boolean Algebra set out the basic principles of logic. Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with an electronic circuit in which the inputs and outputs represent the statements of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be com plex, they may all be constructed from three basic devices. These are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate. y AND gate x ·y x y OR gate x+y x NOT gate x In the case of logic gates, a di? erent notation is used: x ? y, the logical AND operation, is replaced by x  · y, or xy. x ? y, the logical OR operation, is replaced by x + y.  ¬x, the logical NEGATION operation, is replaced by x or x. The truth value TRUE is written as 1 (and corresponds to a high voltage), and FALSE is written as 0 (low voltage). Section 2: Truth Tables 4 2. Truth Tables x y x ·y x 0 0 1 1 Summary y x ·y 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 of AND gate x 0 0 1 1 Summary y x+y 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 of OR gate x y x+y x x 0 1 Summary of x 1 0 NOT gate Section 3: Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 5 3. Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra The basic rules for simplifying and combining logic gates are called Boolean algebra in honour of George Boole (1815 – 1864) who was a self-educated English mathematician who developed many of t he key ideas. The following set of exercises will allow you to rediscover the basic rules: x Example 1 1 Consider the AND gate where one of the inputs is 1. By using the truth table, investigate the possible outputs and hence simplify the expression x  · 1.Solution From the truth table for AND, we see that if x is 1 then 1  · 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then 0  · 1 = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that x  · 1 = x, i. e. , x x 1 Section 3: Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 6 Example 2 x 0 Consider the AND gate where one of the inputs is 0. By using the truth table, investigate the possible outputs and hence simplify the expression x  · 0. Solution From the truth table for AND, we see that if x is 1 then 1  · 0 = 0, while if x is 0 then 0  · 0 = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that x  · 0 = 0 x 0 0Section 3: Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 7 Exercise 1. (Click on the green letters for the solutions. ) Obtain the rules for simplifying the logical expressions x (a) x + 0 which corresponds to the logic gate 0 (b) x + 1 which corresponds to the logic gate x 1 Exercise 2. (Click on the green letters for the solutions. ) Obtain the rules for simplifying the logical expressions: x (a) x + x which corresponds to the logic gate (b) x  · x which corresponds to the logic gate x Section 3: Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 8 Exercise 3. Click on the green letters for the solutions. ) Obtain the rules for simplifying the logical expressions: (a) x + x which corresponds to the logic gate x (b) x  · x which corresponds to the logic gate x Quiz Simplify the logical expression (x ) represented by the following circuit diagram. x (a) x (b) x (c) 1 (d) 0 Section 3: Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 9 Exercise 4. (Click on the green letters for the solutions. ) Investigate the relationship between the following circuits. Summarise your conclusions using Boolean expressions for the circuits. x y x y (a) (b) x y x yThe important relations developed in the above exer cise are called De Morgan’s theorems and are widely used in simplifying circuits. These correspond to rules (8a) and (8b) in the table of Boolean identities on the next page. Section 4: Boolean Algebra 10 4. Boolean Algebra (1a) x ·y = y ·x (1b) x+y = y+x (2a) x  · (y  · z) = (x  · y)  · z (2b) x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z (3a) x  · (y + z) = (x  · y) + (x  · z) (3b) x + (y  · z) = (x + y)  · (x + z) (4a) x ·x = x (4b) x+x = x (5a) x  · (x + y) = x (5b) x + (x  · y) = x (6a) x ·x = 0 (6b) x+x = 1 (7) (x ) = x (8a) (x  · y) = x + y (8b) (x + y) = x  · ySection 4: Boolean Algebra 11 These rules are a direct translation into the notation of logic gates of the rules derived in the package Truth Tables and Boolean Algebra. We have seen that they can all be checked by investigating the corresponding truth tables. Alternatively, some of these rules can be derived from simpler identities derived in this package. Example 3 Show how rule (5a) can be deriv ed from the basic identities derived earlier. Solution x  · (x + y) = = = = = x  · x + x  · y using (3a) x + x  · y using (4a) x  · (1 + y) using (3a) x  · 1 using Exercise 1 x as required. Exercise 5. Click on the green letter for the solution. ) (a) Show how rule (5b) can be derived in a similar fashion. Section 4: Boolean Algebra 12 The examples above have all involved at most two inputs. However, logic gates can be put together to join an arbitrary number of inputs. The Boolean algebra rules of the table are essential to understand when these circuits are equivalent and how they may be simpli? ed. Example 4 Let us consider the circuits which combine three inputs via AND gates. Two di? erent ways of combining them are x y z and x y z x  · (y  · z) (x  · y)  · z Section 4: Boolean Algebra 13However, rule (2a) states that these gates are equivalent. The order of taking AND gates is not important. This is sometimes drawn as a three (or more! ) input AND gate x y z x ·y ·z but really this just means repeated use of AND gates as shown above. Exercise 6. (Click on the green letter for the solution. ) (a) Show two di? erent ways of combining three inputs via OR gates and explain why they are equivalent. This equivalence is summarised as a three (or more! ) input OR gate x y z x+y+z this just means repeated use of OR gates as shown in the exercise. Section 5: Final Quiz 14 5. Final Quiz Begin Quiz 1.Select the Boolean expression that is not equivalent to x  · x + x  · x (a) x  · (x + x ) (b) (x + x )  · x (c) x (d) x 2. Select the expression which is equivalent to x  · y + x  · y  · z (a) x  · y (b) x  · z (c) y  · z (d) x  · y  · z 3. Select the expression which is equivalent to (x + y)  · (x + y ) (a) y (b) y (c) x (d) x 4. Select the expression that is not equivalent to x  · (x + y) + y (a) x  · x + y  · (1 + x) (b) 0 + x  · y + y (c) x  · y (d) y End Quiz Solutions to Exercises 15 Solutions to Exercise s Exercise 1(a) From the truth table for OR, we see that if x is 1 then 1 + 0 = 1, while if x is 0 then 0 + 0 = 0.This can be summarised in the rule that x + 0 = x x 0 Click on the green square to return x Solutions to Exercises 16 Exercise 1(b) From the truth table for OR we see that if x is 1 then 1 + 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then 0 + 1 = 1. This can be summarised in the rule that x + 1 = 1 x 1 Click on the green square to return 1 Solutions to Exercises 17 Exercise 2(a) From the truth table for OR, we see that if x is 1 then x + x = 1 + 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then x + x = 0 + 0 = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that x + x = x x x Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 18Exercise 2(b) From the truth table for AND, we see that if x is 1 then x  · x = 1  · 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then x  · x = 0  · 0 = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that x  · x = x x x Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 19 Exercise 3(a) From the truth t able for OR, we see that if x is 1 then x + x = 1 + 0 = 1, while if x is 0 then x + x = 0 + 1 = 1. This can be summarised in the rule that x + x = 1 x 1 Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 20 Exercise 3(b) From the truth table for AND, we see that if x is 1 then x  · x = 1  · 0 = 0, while if x is 0 then x  · x = 0  · 1 = 0.This can be summarised in the rule that x  · x = 0 x 0 Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 21 Exercise 4(a) The truth tables are: x y x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 x+y 0 1 1 1 x 1 1 0 0 y 1 0 1 0 (x + y) 1 0 0 0 x  ·y 1 0 0 0 x y From these we deduce the identity x y (x + y) = x y x  ·y Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 22 Exercise 4(b) The truth tables are: x y x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 x ·y 0 0 0 1 x 1 1 0 0 y 1 0 1 0 (x  · y) 1 1 1 0 x +y 1 1 1 0 x y From these we deduce the identity x y (x  · y) = x y x +y Click on the green square to returnSoluti ons to Exercises 23 Exercise 5(a) x+x ·y = x  · (1 + y) using (3a) = x  · 1 using Exercise 1 = x as required. Solutions to Exercises 24 Exercise 6(a) Two di? erent ways of combining them are x y z and x y z However, rule (2b) states that these gates are equivalent. The order of taking OR gates is not important. x + (y + z) (x + y) + z Solutions to Quizzes 25 Solutions to Quizzes Solution to Quiz: From the truth table for NOT we see that if x is 1 then (x ) = (1 ) = (0) = 1, while if x is 0 then (x ) = (0 ) = (1) = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that (x ) = x x x End Quiz Test: â€Å"Study Guide Algebra†

La Vie Boheme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

La Vie Boheme - Essay Example Popular consumption of music has long been influenced by the stage – but perhaps not more so than in the modern era of super-popular Broadway musicals. It is in some ways easy to dismiss such musicals as somewhat venal entertainment, more akin to Hollywood than Mozart, but their immense popularity demands that they receive some attention. Perhaps no musical has been as widely popular as Jonathan Larson’s magnum opus, Rent, and perhaps no song is more indicative of both that musical and the feelings that it inspires in its viewer than â€Å"La Vie Bohà ¨me,† an homage to Giacomo Puccini's opera  La Bohà ¨me, on which Rent was based. Songs in popular musicals often struggle with the blending of text and music; the text is often so important that music takes a back seat, or else an emotional moment of music is required, and text is written just to have something happening during that moment. I would argue, however, that â€Å"La Vie Bohà ¨me† effortlessl y combines both musical and textual elements to create a pleasing cocophony that relates intrinsically to the philosophical underpinnings of a Bohemian lifestyle. In short, it represents the certainty of death, the chaos of life, and Bohemianism as a response to simply having too little time on earth. Life and death are the central themes to this work, both textually and musically. The song begins with a character explaining that he had had â€Å"a death in the family,† his dog, â€Å"Evita† had died. He then goes on to explain how beautifully the neighborhood would change if people would give up their bohemian lifestyle. During this period the music is light, delicate, ordered and lively, with a high, major key melody played on a piano. He closes by telling the other characters that â€Å"Bohemia is dead.† This moment represents the first change between life and death that occurs in the work. The music then launches into a funeral dirge, with the character of M ark launching into a funeral sermon regarding the death of Bohemia. While he speaks, an interesting musical and textual event happens during the background. Two basses begin singing what sounds like a traditional funerary chant in Latin, which sounds almost like a Gregorian chant. A closer analysis of this chant will come later, but for the moment it serves to especially emphasize the deathly nature of the beginning of this song. As the sermon goes on, however, its mood shifts, the organ music finishes playing a minor key dirge, and opens into a major key melody. As this transition occurs, Mark almost seamlessly stops talking about death, and begins talking about birth, the birth of Christ. This transition wholly encapsulates one of the fundmanental aspects of Bohemian behavior – the recognition of death. Bohemians live with constant awareness of death – it is an awareness that spurs them on to live as fast and hard as they possibly can, to extract every ounce possible of experience out of life before it ends. The song then launches into a chaotic manifesto in defense of Bohemianism. While the opening clearly pushes one Bohemian theme, awareness of death as a cause for living in a Bohemian way, it also pushes another theme: conscious rejection of authority. The chant, which appeared to be Latin at first glance, helps develops these themes more fully. On a close inspection, only the first line, â€Å"Dies irae! Dies illa† or â€Å"Days of wrath and doom are coming† are Latin. Traditional words of death. The pair of basses then launch into a new language, Greek, keeping the same Gregorian style, â€Å"Kyrie, eleison† or, â€Å"Lord of have mercy† before closing in a final different language, but the same Gregorian style â€Å"Yitgadal v’yitkadash,† Hebrew meaning magnificent and sanctified. Firstly, using three languages demonstrates an awareness and expression of value of diversity – a theme that is more fully developed later in the song. But more importantly, the song thus smoothly connects Latin, Greek and Hebrew liturgy into a neat package, and

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example Cloud computing services address these issues and provide a source for using computing resources without purchasing them. The computing resources can be attained dynamically as per the needs of the company. The computing resources can be released when the need for greater IT infrastructure ceases to exist, therefore the resources do not have to be actually bought. Cloud computing environments offer almost unlimited levels of scalability and mobility. The attainment and release of the resources are convenient and fast processes. Computing resources consist of a diverse range of virtual devices and applications, like virtual servers, data storage, operating systems, software applications and virtual platforms. Along with the major success and acceptance of the concept of cloud computing, a significant portion of users feel threatened in trusting the service providers with their intellectual assets. Therefore, the prevailing security and privacy issues related to cloud computing have be en discussed in the paper, along with its advantages as compared to the traditional form of computing and data centers. The paper also includes few recommendations for improving the protection of the intellectual assets of the users. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Cloud Computing 1 3. Success of Cloud Computing 5 4. Comparison of Traditional Computing and Cloud Computing Data Centers 7 4.1 Advantages of Cloud Computing 8 4.1.1 Level of Scalability 8 4.1.2 Level of Mobility 8 4.1.3 Level of Maintenance and Updates 10 4.1.4 Disaster Recovery 11 4.2 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing 11 4.2.1 Level of Control and Privacy 11 5. Factors to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Data Centers 13 6. Physical Aspects of Cloud Computing Data Centers 13 6.1 Issues with Traditional Data Centers 13 6.2 Innovative Solutions in Cloud Computing Data Centers 14 7. Challenges in Cloud Computing Systems 17 8. Recommendations 18 9. Conclusions 19 Bibliography 22 Table of Figures 1 Figure 1: Different fact ors related to Cloud Computing Systems 4 2 Figure 2: Comparison between traditional data center and cloud computing data center 7 3 Figure 3: PUE of Microsoft from the year 2004 to 2007 16 Table of Tables 1 Table 1: Top 10 Technologies of the year 2011 6 1. Introduction Computer technology has seen remarkable development and continuous improvement ever since it has been invented. The mode of life has been changed by the respective invention. Every field and industry has been revolutionized by the integration of computers. The field of education has been improved by the advent of e-learning management systems, whereas the field of medicine has witnessed greater accuracy and reliability due to the usage of more efficient medical equipments. In the same manner, the field of business has been given a more formalized structure due to the incorporation of enterprise data centers and information management systems. Enterprise data centers supported the needs of organizations for many years . A change was felt necessary when the needs of the customers began increasing at an exponential rate. The advent of internet has broken geographical barriers, due to which the whole world is considered to be a single platform. Consumer has access to global products and services, which makes it vital for companies to provide commendable and uninterrupted services to their clients. The increasing competition in the markets has urged the companies to adopt innovative ways to meet the increasing needs of the cust

American Music History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

American Music History - Essay Example The drummer and the male dancer compete against each other by increasing the tempo and making the rhythm more intricate, progressively. Rumba is not really the name of a single dance, rather a genre of dances originating in Cuba. The two to four beat rhythm, which is common to all Cuban dances, is called the Clave rhythm, as it is played by two sticks called claves. The tempo changes but never gets too fast as the couple sway from side to side suggestively, holding each other at approximately arm’s length. Initially danced to African music, the songs for the Rumba gradually converted into Spanish. The Rumba has strayed into contemporary Flamenco, Blues and even Rock music and is continually evolving thanks to newer, experimental artists. Popularized in the USA by the sensational Carmen Miranda, the Samba has its origins in Brazil and Africa. Bossa Nova emerged in protest to the commercialization of Samba in the 1960s. It is called jazz samba as it blends jazz music with the upbeat rhythms of the samba seamlessly. It was more intimate and lacked the flamboyance of Samba. The song ‘Desafinado’ introduced the term Bossa Nova. Musicians like Miles Davis and Pat Metheny draw great inspiration from the Bossa Nova tradition. Salsa, literally meaning sauce, originated in Cuba, and by the end of the 1970s became a major component of   almost all vernacular fields. It is quintessentially Cuban music, long held a substyle, and although it originally was defined by upbeat, spirited Cuban music, it slowly developed a Latin tinge to it, although retaining that Cuban flavour as well. Today, we define salsa generally as Latin-African music, and what was once dance band music, albeit music incorporating varied rhythms, complex instrumentations and sounds, usage of flutes and violins, under various Puerto Rican and South American influences, and with the inclusion of jazz, has now grown to be a highly sophisticated style of music capable of being molded into