Book Summary Essay Research Paper Man Against free essay sample

Book Summary Essay, Research Paper Man Against Darkness W.T. Stace Man Against Darkness is an essay written by W.T. Stace. He presents the philosophical background for the experiential stance of the modern universe. He tries to explicate why faith no longer plays an of import portion in the modern universe and what causes people to lose religion in faith. He begins his essay by explicating the point of view of the Catholic bishops of America and compared it to the thought of Jean-Paul Sarte, the Gallic existential philosopher philosopher. The bishops believe that the helter-skelter province of the modern universe is due to adult male s loss of religion, and the forsaking of God and faith. W.T. Stace does non believe in faith at all, yet he wholly agrees with the bishop s statement. Jean-Paul Sarte is an atheist and his position besides supports the statement of the bishops. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Summary Essay Research Paper Man Against or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jean-Paul Sarte explains that, in the early yearss work forces depended on God as the beginning of moral ideals. Now, work forces understand that the universe is non ruled by religious forces, but instead by unseeable forces. Therefore ; our ethical motives must come from our head, and we are the 1 who decides what is right and what is incorrect. Stace, so subsequently goes on to explicate Mr. Betrand Russel s thought, which was different from both the bishops and Jean-Paul Sarte. Mr. Russel believes the faith has done more injuries than good and the disappearing of faith will be a approval to human being. Mr. Russel s thought is the same as that of M. Sarte. He stresses that adult male is entirely and friendless in the universe. Mr. Russel besides notes that scientific discipline produced such state of affairs. It is scientific discipline that made people lose religion in faith. Stace explains that scientists do non interested in inquiries such as is there god? Or what s the significance of life? They merely interested in understanding the procedures instead than the intents. They merely ask inquiries that begin with how but non why. Along with the ruin of the spiritual vision there went the ruin of moral rules and values. Ethical motives are human innovations. It is us who decide what s right and incorrect. It s a affair of sentiment. Morality is unsafe and it leads to chaos in society. Philosophers who see the danger attempt to give ethical motives a new foundation that does non affect spiritual thought. Stace references that philosophers may be able to make up ones mind what are good and bad, but the great multitudes of people may non be able to make so and the consequence will be catastrophe. Some people suggested replacing old faith with a new one, but Stace predicts that it will neglect. Why? Because work forces have lost the belief hence ; it can non be revived. Some proposed that we should turn to science itself, or the scientific spirit, for our redemption. Another inquiry that came up in the essay is can the whole civilisation live without faith? W.T. Stace explains that it is possible for educated work forces, philosophers, scientists, intellectuals, to populate their moral lives without faith, but he does non believe that the whole civilisation including the uneducated can make so. W.T. Stace sums up his chief thought in the decision of the essay. He states that work forces in the early clip are violent and as clip passed by the development of human civilisation made morality connect with faith. If modern adult male live without faith, they will drop back into the early stage, when work forces were violent and barbarous. After reading this essay, I have gain an apprehension of how of import faith is. I believe that faith have shaped up my ethical motives. I agree with Stace on many parts in the essay. I agree that we can non replace old faith with a new one, because one time work forces lose religion about something, they will non be able to travel back and believe in it once more. I do non hold that work forces lose religion in faith because of the scientific revolution. I believe that work forces are smart plenty to be able to understand nature without affecting the inquiry with God. When I was immature, I asked my female parent why does it rain and she answered that it is because God is shouting. I knew that it wasn t true. I didn t know what is rain, but I do cognize that it is non because God is shouting. I think that people are losing religion in faith because faith is non pure any longer. For illustration, many monastics are ravishing misss and got off with it because they have money to pay th e constabulary. The money came from us who devoted ourselves to religion because we genuinely think that faith is pure. I stopped believing in faith long clip ago and it s non because of scientific revolution. I lose my religion in faith because I think that I make my ain fate and there s no 1 in the sky to assist me populate my life. I choose what I want to be and where I want to travel and everything is based on my determinations. Whenever I fell, I couldn t see any manus making down from the sky to assist me. I solve my ain jobs and I can merely depend on me. That s why I do non believe in faith.

IKEA study case Essay Example

IKEA study case Essay What do you think of the company’s product strategy and product range? Do you agree with the matrix approach described in Figure B of the case? 5 3Despite the success there are many downsides to shopping at IKEA. What are some of these downsides? IKEA’s vision statement (in Figure C of the case) describes how the company seeks to build a â€Å"partnership† with its customers. What do you think of this vision statement? 4The fact that IKEA plans to have fifty stores in operation in the USA by 2013 is an indication of how optimistic the company is about the viability of its value proposition in this country. Do you think IKEA is being overly optimistic in its growth plans? How would you improve IKEA’s value proposition to make it even more attractive to American consumers? 7 5To achieve the kind of growth IKEA is hoping for, should the company change its product strategy? If so, in what way(s)? What about its product range — are there limitations to t he matrix approach? Should the company expand its product lineup to include a greater number of styles and price points? In what other ways should the company consider changing its product lineup? 8 6If you had to predict, what do you think IKEA’s value proposition and product lineup will look like in ten years? 9 7Industry observers have suggested that IKEA should open up smaller, satellite stores across the United States ( e. g. in shopping malls, strip malls, etc. ) By offering a limited range of IKEA products, these â€Å"IKEA Lite† shops would presumably give consumers who do not otherwise have access to a full size IKEA the opportunity to experience the brand. We will write a custom essay sample on IKEA study case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on IKEA study case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on IKEA study case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition, consumers who do live near a full size IKEA would be able to use these mini outlets to make minor purchases (e. g. purchase a set of mugs as opposed to an entire living room set). Do you agree with this idea? Why or why not? 9 What factors account for the success of IKEA? There are several factors for the success of IKEA. Firstly, IKEA is known for its product differentiation and cost leadership. Although they have high sales revenues they do not become less sensible for cost-cutting which means that they try to save costs in as many areas as possible. Costs are kept under control starting at the design level of the value-added chain, by packing items compactly in flat standardized emblazes and stacking as much as possible to reduce storage space during and after distribution in the logistics process. Besides, employees are constantly reminded to save energy by turning of the light or computers if they are not being used. Additionally, since the furniture comes unassembled, people have to build up their furniture on their own at home but therefore pay way less money than at other retailers. Therefore they especially reach price-conscious customers. This actually means that they are operating in a niche market because normally Scandinavian furniture stands for high quality and therefore high prices, but they achieved to combine simplicity, design and space – and of course low prices. Secondly, IKEA’s store concept distinguishes itself from other furniture retailers. Its stores are self-service and feature special amenities such as a childcare center, Swedish cafes and often also stores where you can buy typical Swedish food. Therefore the shopping experience itself is very appealing to customers. Besides, although the IKEA stores are huge, the store layouts are carefully designed. There is always a light and bright atmosphere and the model bathrooms, living rooms, etc. are decorated in a cheerful and tasteful way. Moreover, it seems that the working atmosphere for employees is very personal and close since they all call each other by their first name, no matter which hierarchic position the person holds. What do you think of the company’s product strategy and product range? Do you agree with the matrix approach described in Figure B of the case? For us the product strategy including the matrix approach sounds very simple but convincing. By analyzing consumer’s trends first, they focus on their customer’s needs and wishes which always should be top priority. Then, by setting a price with the help of â€Å"the matrix†, which consists of three price ranges and four different styles, products developer cannot only compare their product easily to their competitor’s but also seek new opportunities. Due to the fact that every product category has its own matrix those can be used to identify gaps in the product line-up and therefore product managers can become aware of new market opportunities. Also, by always setting the price 30 or 50% lower than the competitors they are very attractive for people who do not have a lot of money or who are not willing to spend huge amounts on furniture and home decoration. Since IKEA has over 1,800 suppliers to choose from, they are able to balance cost-efficient labor with the company’s product quality standards. Sometimes different product components are also produced in different countries and the customer can decide at the end which one he wants (e. g. different colors of cushions, etc. ). In addition, it is very smart to use high-quality material for the more visible furniture surfaces and lower quality material for less visible and stressed parts. Besides, it is a smart idea to force its designers to pitch their ideas against each other: By doing this they have a higher variety to choose from and might end up with something more fashionable and special than if the design department had only presented one idea. We believe that the product strategy and range works very cost-efficiently and also allows achieving a higher penetration in the market. Since IKEA offers a huge variety, the probability is higher that everyone finds something he or she likes. Also it distinguishes them from other retailers who are not able to offer such a big product range because they have higher costs producing and providing them. Despite the success there are many downsides to shopping at IKEA. What are some of these downsides? IKEA’s vision statement (in Figure C of the case) describes how the company seeks to build a â€Å"partnership† with its customers. What do you think of this vision statement? There are two main downsides to shopping at IKEA: quality, service and missing customization. Since IKEA uses also low-quality material in order to set a low price, it often happens that the furniture only lasts for a few years and that especially while moving flats products can easily break. Secondly, the lack of service when it comes to home delivery or construction f the furniture purchased, is a downside as well. Customer need a big car, be able to understand the construction manual as well as having all the tools at home. Also, IKEA stores are often a little further outside the city so customer need to be willing to drive maybe one hour to get to the store. Although customers know that this is the concept of IKEA they might nevertheless feel overstrained to build up the furniture or do not po ssess cars big enough to bring their purchased items home. Last but not least, the product range nearly allows no personalization or customization. IKEA products are for the mass market and therefore are not able to fulfill everybody’s wished especially not for richer people who look for luxury or more unique goods. In IKEA’s mission statement they explain how they want to be partners with their customers. IKEA’s mission is to create a better everyday life by offering beautiful and durable furniture at low prices so that also people with smaller wallets are able to improve their homes. IKEA’s part in this partnership is to finding simple solutions, scrimping and saving in every direction – except when it comes to ideas. Also, their designers work with manufacturers to find smart ways to make furniture using existing production processes. Then their buyers look all over the world to find the best suppliers with the most suitable raw materials. After that, they buy in a bulk so that they get the best deals and the customers the best prices. The customer’s part now is to go to the store, pick out the furniture and then pick it up at the self-service warehouse. After that they have to get them home themselves and assemble them on their own. Since this service is not done by IKEA, they do not charge for it and the logical consequence is that IKEA and customer save money together. We think that the mission statement fits perfectly to IKEA’s core concept and core competency. If customers want to pay a low price for more or less quality and fashionable furniture they must be willing to do something for this in exchange. In this case they have to bring their products home and assemble them themselves. The success of IKEA shows that many people are willing to do that in order to pay less than at other furniture retailers. The fact that IKEA plans to have fifty stores in operation in the USA by 2013 is an indication of how optimistic the company is about the viability of its value proposition in this country. Do you think IKEA is being overly optimistic in its growth plans? How would you improve IKEA’s value proposition to make it even more attractive to American consumers? In our opinion this was not an overly optimistic goal. The past growing trend indicated that there was a high potential in the US furniture market. Since IKEA does not only have monster stores and great prices, it also created a niche. Furthermore, they analyzed two core problems in the US market and made adjustments: Firstly, they realized that Americans are very likely to stick with their furniture and home decoration for many years and more seeking for a lifetime product instead of something cheap that might only last for a few years. In order to convince Americans to change this habit and be more open for changing furniture more often, they started publishing commercials that were making fun of the American’s unwillingness to part with their furniture. These commercials were quite successful and maybe also lead to the increasing number of customers. Secondly, they saw that Scandinavian design was something for a small niche market and furthermore that only offering the same products that they had in Europe would not be successful. Consequently they made adjustments to the product range (e. g. bigger glasses) in order to meet the American’s expectations. These changes are important for creating a value proposition and can always be continued. By asking customers for feedback and also what changes they would like to see that are made they can extend their value preposition and reach more customers. These analyses and preparation were needed to set food in the US market. Since nowadays IKEA has 49 stores in the US (source: IKEA, â€Å"Welcome Inside†, 2011) they are very close to reaching their goal and also the USA is the second top selling country after Germany (11%). When it comes to improvements, IKEA could consider to offer furniture delivery and assembly service (the customer would have to pay for that service) to satisfy busy consumers or people that are unable to do the construction themselves. Furthermore, they could extend their product range with products that have a higher quality and therefore longer durability to satisfy quality-conscious consumer segments. To achieve the kind of growth IKEA is hoping for, should the company change its product strategy? If so, in what way(s)? What about its product range — are there limitations to the matrix approach? Should the company expand its product lineup to include a greater number of styles and price points? In what other ways should the company consider changing its product lineup? They should only change their product range when it comes to making adjustments in order to accommodate to American habits and standards. For example, to offer products that are bigger in size to fit in the American Homes. So far there are of course limitations to the matrix approach because it only offers three kinds of prices and four different styles and no â€Å"in-between-products† are possible. Nevertheless, in our opinion they should not change that because if they offer a greater number of prices and styles they will compete stronger with the high-end and low-end competitors. Although IKEA has reasonable prices they cannot and should not compete with low-end retailers such as Walmart, etc. because the margins would become lower. Also they do not have the service in order to compete with high-end stores. Therefore they should also stick with their four styles and not overwhelm the customers with all kinds of sub-styles etc. like those companies do. They state themselves that it is part of their philosophy not to have everything nor extreme or over-decorated items, but they have what helps to build a good home for a nice living. Nevertheless they offer many home products next to furniture, such as dinnerware, lamps, decoration, etc. Consequently shoppers can find everything they need in order to prepare a cozy home. All in all, we think IKEA should stick to their mission but obviously it makes sense to adjust a few features and details in order to appeal to American customers. The numbers these days show that IKEA was right to stick to their concept and therefore they achieved the growth they wanted. If you had to predict, what do you think IKEA’s value proposition and product lineup will look like in ten years? We believe that the value preposition and product line up will not undergo extreme changes. Since IKEA has a successful product strategy they do not need to change their core competency or create other competitive advantages. Obviously, in the upcoming years there will be new trends that IKEA has to implement in their product range and they also have to face the growing e-commerce market. This is why IKEA should start thinking about also selling their products online. This would also make it easier for customers since the delivery would be done by IKEA. Since this Harvard Case is from 2004 there have been some changes in the last years. In 2012 IKEA launched their first e-commerce site for the Russian market which experience high approval due to its combination of emotion, information and interaction. In this context interaction would mean for example that people can decorate and design their rooms online with a simulator that shows how each IKEA product would fit to different styles or living conditions. Industry observers have suggested that IKEA should open up smaller, satellite stores across the United States ( e. g. in shopping malls, strip malls, etc. By offering a limited range of IKEA products, these â€Å"IKEA Lite† shops would presumably give consumers who do not otherwise have access to a full size IKEA the opportunity to experience the brand. In addition, consumers who do live near a full size IKEA would be able to use these mini outlets to make minor purchases (e. g. purchase a set of mugs as opposed to an entire living room set). Do you agree with this idea? Why or why not? One the one hand it would be a good idea to start up satellite stores in location where access to nearest IKEA Superstore is more than an hour’s driving. A research into the areas demographics and spending habits could serve as an indicator whether a satellite store would be successful in the long term or not. Opening new IKEA satellite stores in smaller towns would also lead to higher brand awareness. This could serve as a way to advertize their global presence. Furthermore, an IKEA satellite store could carry smaller items which do not require much of the floor/ storage space but should include the virtual display and its detailed information so as to promote the IKEA brand. The smaller products could be displayed in a showcasing fashion to appeal the buyers. In addition they could show in smaller stores how the items there could be combined with bigger products (such as furniture) in order to inspire people and make them drive to the bigger stores to purchase the products. On the other hand, the unique shopping experience that usually is created in the big stores due to the carefully designed store-layouts, the Swedish’ restaurants and child care center would get lost. Customers who went for the first time to IKEA into a satellite store would get a complete different brand image than someone who goes to the flagship stores. Therefore IKEA’s unique points-of-difference would be lost. Furthermore, there is the threat that people would no longer connect IKEA with furniture but only with small home decoration products. This could lead to a decrease of sale in the bigger stores. Summarizing, we would therefore say that in order to install satellite stores there must be detailed analyses how big the demand would be and which customers would be likely to visit these stores – if they are familiar with the IKEA concept or if they are â€Å"newbies†. [ 1 ]. Cf. : http://www. e-commercefacts. com/news/2012/06/ikea-e-commerce-video/index. xml, seen on the 25. 11. 2012

English Literature and Composition Heroic Couplet Transition Flashcard

English Literature and Composition Heroic Couplet Transition

Definition and Examples of the Middle Style in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of the Middle Style in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, the middle style is reflected in speech or writing that (in terms of word choice, sentence structures, and delivery) falls between the extremes of the plain style and the grand style. Roman rhetoricians generally advocated the use of the plain style for teaching, the middle style for pleasing, and the grand style for moving an audience. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: DecorumLevels of UsageOn Familiar Style, by William HazlittStyle Examples and Observations An Example of the Middle Style: Steinbeck on the Urge to TravelWhen I was very young and the urge to be someplace was on me, I was assured by mature people that maturity would cure this itch. When years described me as mature, the remedy prescribed was middle age. In middle age I was assured that greater age would calm my fever and now that I am fifty-eight perhaps senility will do the job. Nothing has worked. Four hoarse blasts of a ships whistle still raise the hair on my neck and set my feet to tapping. The sound of a jet, an engine warming up, even the clopping of shod hooves on pavement brings on the ancient shudder, the dry mouth and vacant eye, the hot palms and the churn of stomach high up under the rib cage. In other words, I don’t improve; in further words, once a bum always a bum. I fear the disease is incurable. I set this matter down not to instruct others but to inform myself.(John Steinbeck, Travels with Charley: In Search of America. Viking, 1962)Three Kinds of StyleThe classical rhetoricians delineated three kinds of stylethe grand style, the middle style, and the plain style. Aristotle told his students that every kind of rhetorical style is capable of being used in season or out of season. They warned against the too grand style calling it swollen, or the too plain style which when misused they called meagre, and dry and bloodless. The middle style used inappropriately they called slack, without sinews and joints . . . drifting.(Winifred Bryan Horner, Rhetoric in the Classical Tradition. St. Martins, 1988) The Middle Style in Roman RhetoricThe speaker who sought to entertain his listeners would choose a middle style. Vigor was sacrificed for charm. Any and every form of ornamentation was appropriate, including the use of wit and humor. Such a speaker possessed the skill to develop arguments with breadth and erudition; he was master at amplification. His words were chosen for the effect they would produce on others. Euphony and imagery were cultivated. The overall effect was one of moderation and temperance, of polish and urbanity. This style of discourse, more than any other, typified Cicero himself and would later influence us in English through the marvelous prose style of Edmund Burke.(James L. Golden, The Rhetoric of Western Thought, 8th ed. Kendall/Hunt, 2004)The Tradition of the Middle Style- The Middle Style . . . resembles the simple in striving to communicate truth to the understanding with clearness, and resembles the grand in aiming to influence the feelings and passions. It is bolder and more profuse in the employment of figures and the various emphatic verbal forms, than the simple style; but does not use those appropriate to intense feeling, which are found in the grand.This style is employed in all compositions intended not only to inform and convince, but at the same time to move the feelings and passions. Its character varies with the predominance of one or other of these ends. When instruction and conviction are predominant, it approaches the lower style; when influencing the feelings is the main object, it partakes more of the character of the higher.(Andrew D. Hepburn, Manual of English Rhetoric, 1875)- The middle style is the style you dont notice, the style that does not show, ideal transparency. . . .To define a style in this way, of course, means that we cannot talk about the style itselfthe actual configuration of words on the pageat all. We must talk about the social substance surrounding it, the historical pattern of expectations which renders it transparent.(Richard Lanham, Analyzing Prose, 2nd ed. Continuum, 2003)- Ciceros idea of the middle style . . . lies between the ornateness and perorations of the grand or vigorous style (used for persuasion) and the simple words and conversational manner of the plain or low style (used for proof and instruction). Cicero designated the middle style as a vehicle for pleasure and defined it by what it is notnot showy, not highly figurative, not stiff, not excessively simple or terse. . . . The twentieth-century reformers, up to and beyond Strunk and White, were and are advocating their version of the middle style. . . .An accepted middle style exists for any form of writing you can think of: news stories in The New York Times, scholarly articles in the sciences or humanities, historical narratives, Web logs, legal decisions, romance or suspense novels, CD reviews in Rolling Stone, medical case studies.(Ben Yagoda, The Sound on the Page. Harper, 2004)

Special Interest Tourism in Barbados Case Study

Special Interest Tourism in Barbados - Case Study Example At that time, cruise passenger arrivals were about 510,000 with 528 cruise ship calls in 2006. Part of the motivation for this strategy related to the clear indications that Caribbean nations were competing aggressively for cruise ship calls and that the traditionally strong position of Barbados (with its port facilities and long history of tourism activity) would lose market share. As its statistics indicate, there has been an almost 15% decline since 2006. Part of this is the increased competition Barbados expected. In addition, repositioning of cruise ship routes and itineraries has also contributed to the decline. The industry is always looking for new destinations to appeal to its markets (particularly repeat cruisers) and Barbados has the added disadvantage of being one of the oldest cruise destinations in the Caribbean. Of particular interest is the approach Barbados took in developing its cruise strategy. While cruise passenger arrivals declined in 2006, some believe that the partnership approach Barbados took in developing the cruise strategy helped to avoid an even greater decline. The key theme in the Barbados cruise strategy approach was a consultative and partnership oriented relationship with the cruise industry. ... Barbados went into the strategy with a conviction that the cruise industry was good for the country and that management and shaping of its benefits to complement Barbados' expectations for tourism sector benefits was the objective. With the cooperation of the cruise industry, Barbados undertook the following consultations as part of its cruise strategy development: - Interviews with cruise line executives, those responsible for itinerary development, cruise ship directors and tourism industry representatives in Barbados; - Surveys of cruise ship passengers and crew. Some of the key findings shaping the resulting cruise tourism strategy are described below. The following are excerpts from the 2006 Cruise Tourism Report prepared by ARA Consulting Group for the Barbados Tourism Development Programme and report on surveys conducted in 2006. From the point of view of cruise line executives, Barbados gets generally high markets. It enjoys very good market recognition, is well known, gets good reviews from passengers, provides good ground tours, and is above average in terms of safety. It has a good image, a high profile, and is considered a good traditional destination. It has potential for attracting up-market cruise passengers for high quality shore excursions like nature tourism, heritage tourism, golf, and similar activities. The cruise lines believed that services provided by the Barbados Port Authority are more than adequate and that the current cost structure is acceptable, although there is concern about cost increases. In general, they have little concern with congestion problems except for the typical mid-week situation when more than one or two large ships arrive. They were

Should the United States Return to a Gold Standard Essay

Should the United States Return to a Gold Standard - Essay Example A gold standard system would make it more difficult for the government and Federal Reserve to implement monetary policies. A gold standard system prevents the government firm minting currency notes and coins that can it can endorse. This means that when there is increased demand for cash, the government cannot supply. As a result, the economy goes through reduced growth and more inflation as the value of paper money skyrockets.A gold standard system means the United States is neglecting its ongoing soaring currency rates and distribution problems instead of offering a solution. In a period of economic turmoil, the government and its people should not focus on future likelihoods of forex and currency techniques. Instead, Americans ought to use every tool in the economic and academic arsenal to solve high jobless rates, the piling national debt, nonrenewable sources of energy, and corresponding environmental crises.A gold standard means the government lacks influence over the economy. The government currently prints paper money and mints coins, which is good for an era of intermittent economic crises. This role shows the government can make an effort towards restoring an economy and actually stimulate it. These efforts are reactionary activities that can reinstate the value of the dollar during an economic depression. In a gold standard, the government cannot restore the economy. This means that when a gold standard economy is in a meltdown, the government cannot make any decisions towards improving this economy.

Comparative Analysis Essay Example for Free

Comparative Analysis Essay Abstract We are in what is known at the Information Era. The Information Era is the ability to exchange information in a manner that is effective and efficient. Information is important to the way we do things. It gives instructions on what to do and how to do it. There are many different genres of communications. They all provide different information in different situations In today’s society, there are a number of different communication genres. Each communication genre is meant to provide certain information to a certain group of people. In this paper, I will discuss five different communications genres. I compare rules and regulations, policy handbook, policy manual, policy guide and policy memorandum. I will discuss the similarities and difference in each genre, discourse conventions used. Genre is the means by which communications are sent out. â€Å"Genres are categories or forms into which documents and websites are grouped together based on written and visual characteristics they have in common, and which readers associate with them. Genres are valuable because their predictable forms and consistency aid in reading comprehension and efficiency. Genres help readers grasp information quickly and effectively. † (Allison and Williams 2008). Each of the genres that I will discuss relates to rules, policies and procedures specific to different events. The first is rules and regulations. Rules and regulations is a principle that regulates or controls conduct. Rules and regulations are most often used for sports or contests. Rules and regulations are used by referees (in sporting events), players, as well as fans. Next, there is the policy handbook. A policy handbook is usually a set of rules and regulations provided to an employee of company or to students enrolled in school. The policy handbook provides information on things such as an attendance policy, compensation and pay, drug and alcohol policy, leaves of absence, etc. Next there is the policy manual is more detailed than a policy handbook. The policy manual includes procedures and instructions on completing particular tasks. For instance, a policy manual would give an employee the instructions on providing technical support for a computer malfunction. Other forms of communications genres are policy guide and policy memorandum. A policy guide is a document that contains the current policies and guidelines of an organization. This document is also used for the internal employees of an organization or company. Finally there is a policy memorandum. A policy memorandum informs employees or even customers of an organization of changes to current policies. The policy memorandum will let you know what the policy is, the changes that were made to the policy and when the change will take effect. Each of these genres is similar in that they all provide direction, rules and regulations to certain events or jobs. The discourse conventions used in each of these documents are very similar. Each genre can be used in any one field or even multiples fields. Most of the genres that have been discussed are intended for internal use. Rules and regulations, policy handbook, policy manual, and policy guide are generally used by employees or a company or organization. They detail internal regulations and policies. The information contained in these documents will be more technical and important to how the company is run. This information in most cases will not affect external users. Policy memorandum is a document that may be important to both internal and external users. References Allison, Libby. , Williams, F. Miriam (2008). Writing for the Government http://www. jpkf. org/JPKF-Policy-Guide/index. htm http://wilcoxen. maxwell. insightworks. com/pages/275. html